Mycena cinerella

Mycena cinerella Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Basidiomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Mycenaceae Genus: Mycena Species: M. cinerella Binomial name Mycena cinerella (P. Karst.) P. Karst. Synonyms[1][2] Agaricus cinerellus P. Karst. Omphalia cinerella (P. Karst.) J.E. Lange Mycena cineroides Hintikka Mycena cinerella Mycological characteristics gills on hymenium cap is conical hymenium is adnate stipe is bare spore print is white ecology is saprotrophic edibility: inedible

Mycena cinerella, commonly known as the mealy bonnet, is an inedible species of mushroom in the Mycenaceae family. It is found in Europe and the United States, where it grows in groups on fallen leaves and needles under pine and Douglas fir. The small grayish mushrooms have caps that are up to 1.5 cm (0.6 in) wide atop stems that are 5 cm (2.0 in) long and 2.5 mm (0.10 in) thick. Its gills are grayish-white and adnate, with a "tooth" that runs slightly down the stem. The fungus has both two- and four-spored basidia. As its common name suggests, it smells mealy.

Taxonomy

First called Agaricus cinerellus by Finnish mycologist Petter Karsten in 1879,^[3] he transferred it to the genus Mycena that same year.^[4] In his 1936 Flora Agaricina Danica (Agaric flora of Denmark) Jakob Emanuel Lange referred it to the genus Omphalia;^[5] Omphalia cinerea (P. Karst.) J.E. Lange is now a synonym.^[1] Mycena cineroides was named and described as a new species distinct from M. cinerella by Hintikka in 1963, who thought it to be unique due to its narrowly acute cap that lacked brownish or yellowish tones, decurrent gills, and two-spored basidia.^[6] However, intermediate forms of it have been found, and some authorities, like Dutch Mycena specialist Maas Geesteranus,^[2] believe it should be treated as a synonym of M. cinerella.^[7]

The mushroom is commonly known as the "mealy bonnet".^[8] The specific epithet cinerella means "somewhat ashy color".^[9]

Description

There are 2–3 tiers of lamellulae interspersed between the gills.

The cap of M. cinerella is white and small, with a diameter typically ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 cm (0.2 to 0.6 in). Initially hemispherical, obtusely conic, and then convex, it expands during maturity, developing visible grooves on the surface that correspond to the gills underneath the cap.^[10] The cap has a broad, flattened umbo. The cap surface is smooth and moist, with a slimy margin that is initially pressed against the stem; with age the margin becomes notched and sometimes scalloped, turning translucent. The cap color is dark gray to pale gray, somewhat hygrophanous, fading to ashy white or brown when dry. The flesh is thin, gray, cartilaginous and tough, with a strongly farinaceous (mealy, similar to raw potatoes) odor and taste if crushed or chewed. The whitish to grayish gills are moderately broad (2–3 mm) with a spacing that is close to subdistant, and 18–26 reach the stem, interspersed with two or three tiers of lamellae (short gills that do not extend fully from the cap margin to the stem). The stem attachment is adnate or arcuate, but later develops a pronounced decurrent tooth. The decurrent tooth occasionally separates from the stem and forms a collar around it. The stem is 2–5 cm (0.8–2.0 in) long, 1–2.5 mm (0.04–0.10 in) thick, equal in width throughout, hollow, cartilaginous, and brittle. The stem surface is smooth or polished, with the apex initially faintly pruinose (as if covered with a fine whitish powder). The base of the stem is sparsely covered with sharp, straight, stiff hairs, and is the same color as the cap or paler.^[11] The mushroom is inedible.^[10]

Microscopic characteristics

The spores are 7–9 by 4–5 μm, ellipsoid, smooth, amyloid (reaction very weak in some collections). The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored, or occasionally a combination of two- and four-spored.^[11] The four-spored forms have clamp connections that are absent in the two-spored forms.^[7] The pleurocystidia (cystidia found on the face of the gills) are not differentiated. The cheilocystidia (cystidia found on the edges of the gills) are embedded in the hymenium and inconspicuous, measuring 22–36 by 5–11 μm. They are roughly filiform (like thin filaments), with numerous contorted branches or protuberances, and club-shaped with finger-like prolongations. The flesh of the gills is homogenous, and turns vinaceous-brown when stained in iodine. The flesh of the cap has a well-differentiated pellicle, with a differentiated but not very well-developed hypoderm, and hyphae that are 10–20 μm wide.^[11]

Habitat and distribution

Mycena cinerella is a saprobic fungus, and derives nutrients by decomposing leaf litter and similar detritus, converting it to humus and mineralizing organic matter in the soil. The fruit bodies grow in groups on needles under pine and Douglas fir, typically in the late summer and autumn. In the United States, it has been collected from Michigan, Washington, Oregon, and California.^[11] In Europe, it has also been collected from the Great Britain,^[12] Norway,^[7] Poland,^[13] and Sweden.^[14]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Mycena cinerella (P. Karst.) P. Karst.". Index Fungorum. CAB International. http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=238490. Retrieved 2010-09-24. 
2. ^ ^{a b} "Studies in Mycenas. Additions and Corrections, Part 1". Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen 93 (3): 377–403. 1991. 
3. ^ Karsten P. (1879). "Symbolae ad Mycologiam fennicam IV" (in Latin). Hedwigia (Dresden: Verlag und Druck von C. Heinrich) 18: 22. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/473385. Retrieved 2010-01-02. 
4. ^ Karsten P. (1879). "Rysslands, Finlands och den Skandinaviska halföns Hattsvampar. Förra Delen: Skifsvampar" (in Swedish). Bidrag till Kännedom of Finlands Natur Folk 32: 113. 
5. ^ Lange JE. (1936). Flora Agaricina Danica. 2. p. 61. 
6. ^ Hintikka V. (1963). "Studies in the genus Mycena in Finland". Karstenia 6–7: 77–87. 
7. ^ ^{a b c} Aronsen A. "Mycena cinerella (P. Karst.) P. Karst.". Key to the Mycenas of Norway. http://home.online.no/~araronse/Mycenakey/cinerella.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-01. 
8. ^ "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. http://www.fungi4schools.org/Reprints/ENGLISH_NAMES.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-24. 
9. ^ Rea C. (1922). British Basidiomycetae: a handbook to the larger British fungi. CUP Archive. p. 387. http://books.google.com/books?id=4tg8AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA763&dq=Mycena%20cinerella&pg=PA387#v=onepage&q=Mycena%20cinerella&f=false. Retrieved 2010-10-01. 
10. ^ ^{a b} Jordan M. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. London: Frances Lincoln. p. 165. ISBN 0-7112-2378-5. http://books.google.com/?id=ULhwByKCyEwC&lpg=PA165&dq=Mycena%20cinerella&pg=PA165#v=onepage&q=Mycena%20cinerella&f=false. Retrieved 2010-09-24. 
11. ^ ^{a b c d} Smith, pp. 366–68.
12. ^ Emmett EE. (1993). "British Mycena species, 5". Mycologist 7 (2): 63–67. doi:10.1016/S0269-915X(09)80644-7. ISSN 0269-915X. 
13. ^ Holownia I. (1985). "Phenology of fruitbodies of fungi in the Las Piwnicki Reserve Poland in 1972-1975" (in Polish). Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici Biologia 27: 47–56. ISSN 0208-4449. 
14. ^ Tyler G. (1991). "Ecology of the genus Mycena in beech (Fagus sylvatica), oak (Quercus robur) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) forest of S Sweden". Nordic Journal of Botany 11 (11): 111–21. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1991.tb01807.x. 

Cited text

• Smith AH. (1947). North American species of Mycena. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 

External links

• Mycena cinerella in Index Fungorum.