List of types of fur

This list of types of fur describes the characteristics of types of fur used in fur clothing.

Beaver

Beaver fur has long been used in making muffs, stoles, collars, trimmings, and felt for hats.^[1]

Faux

Main article: Fake fur

Faux fur or fake fur is a material made of synthetic fibers designed to resemble fur, normally as part of a piece of clothing.

Fisher

Fisher fur varies from grayish brown to nearly black. The fur measures about two and one-half inches in length. It is used mainly for muffs and neck and shoulder pieces.^[1]

Fox

Red fox

Red fox skins

Because of their abundance, red foxes are among the most important furbearing animals harvested by the fur trade. Their pelts are used for trimmings scarfs, muffs, jackets and coats. They are principally used as trimming for both cloth coats and fur garments, including evening wraps.^[2] The pelts of silver-morph foxes are popular as capes,^[3] while cross foxes are mostly used for scarfs and very rarely trimming.^[4] The number of sold fox scarfs exceeds the total number of scarfs made from other furbearers. However, this amount is overshadowed by the total number of fox pelts used for trimming purposes.^[2] The silver morphs are the most valued by furriers, followed by the cross and red morphs respectively.^[5] In the early 20th century, over 1,000 American fox skins were imported to Britain annually, while 500,000 were exported annually from Germany and Russia.^[6] The total worldwide trade of wild red foxes in 1985-86 was 1,543,995 pelts. Foxes amounted to 45% of US wild-caught pelts worth $50 million.^[7]

North American red foxes, particularly those of northern Alaska, are the most valued for their fur, as they have guard hairs of a very silky texture which, after dressing, allow the wearer unrestricted mobility. Red foxes living in southern Alaska's coastal areas and the Aleutian Islands are an exception, as they have extremely coarse pelts which rarely exceed one third of the price of their northern Alaskan cousins.^[8] Most European peltries have very coarse textured fur compared to North American varieties. The only exceptions are the nordic and Far Eastern Russian peltries, but they are still inferior to North American peltries in terms of silkiness.^[9]

Golden jackal

Golden jackal pelt

In Russia and other nations of the former Soviet Union, golden jackals are considered furbearers, albeit ones of low quality due to their sparse, coarse and monotonously coloured fur.^[10] Asiatic and Near Eastern jackals produce the coarsest pelts, though this can be remedied during the dressing process. As jackal hairs have very little fur fibre, their skins have a flat appearance. The softest furs come from Elburz in northern Iran.^[11] Jackals are known to have been hunted for their fur in the 19th century: in the 1880s, 200 jackals were captured annually in Mervsk. In the Zakatal area of the Trans-Caucasus, 300 jackals were captured in 1896. During that period, a total of 10,000 jackals had been taken within Russia, and were sent exclusively to the Nizhegorod fair. In the early 1930s, 20-25 thousand jackal skins were tanned annually in the Soviet Union, though the stocks were significantly underused, as over triple that amount could have been produced. Before 1949 and the onset of the Cold War, the majority of jackal skins were exported to the USA. Despite their geographical variations, jackal skins are not graded according to a fur standard, and are typically used in the manufacture of cheap collars, women's coats and fur coats.^[10] Jackal fur is still valued by the Kazakh people along the Caspian shoreline, as it is lighter and warmer than sheepskin.^[12]

Marten

Marten fur, which is soft, somewhat resembling that of foxes, is about one and one-half inches long. The color varies from pale gray to orange-brown and dark brown.^[1]

Mink

Mink fur is durable. The hairs are rather short, but very thick and soft. The guard hairs do not break readily, nor has the underfur a tendency to become matted. Sunlight gradually fades its original dark brown color a warmer tone, making it less attractive.^[13]

Otter

Otter fur is about an inch long, erect, and thick. It is durable, ranking with mink fur, and is used chiefly for trimming garments.^[1]

Rabbit

For more details on this topic, see Rabbit hair.

Rabbit fur is commonly considered a byproduct of the process of breeding rabbits for meat, and as such is produced in large quantities in England and France; more than seventy million pelts a year in France alone 1. However, the quality of fur from these rabbits tends to be low, as the rabbits are slaughtered before reaching twelve weeks old and still have the infant coat.

In temperate climates, the highest quality furs are obtained in winter from rabbits over five months old, when the thickness of the fur is even; at other times of year, varying degrees of hair shedding causes uneven patches in the fur. The coat is also at its thickest at this time of year. The highest quality pelts are suitable for clothing, and typically constitute less than half of all pelts collected. The hair of the Angora rabbit is preferred due to its length, caused by an unusually long growth phase in the hair cycle, the consequence of a recessive gene.

Raccoon

Raccoon fur is mottled gray in color and about two and one-half inches long on animals from northern United States. In the southern United States the fur is shorter.^[1]

Skunk

Skunk fur is of medium length, erect, and possesses a sheen. However, protracted use causes it to fade from a glistening black to a dull reddish brown.^[13]

Grey wolf

Wolf fur coat

Wolf pelts are primarily used for scarfs and the trimmings of women's garments, though they are occasionally used for jackets, short capes, coats,^[14] mukluks and rugs.^[15] The quality of wolf peltries rests on the density and strength of the fur fibre, which keeps the fur upright and gives the pelt an appealing bushy aspect. These characteristics are mostly found in northern wolf populations, but gradually lessen further south in warmer climates. North American wolf pelts are among the most valuable, as they are silkier and fluffier than Eurasian peltries.^[14] The pelts of wolves killed by poison are mostly worthless.^[16]

In Medieval Europe, pelts were considered the only practical aspect of wolves, though they were seldom used, due to the skin's foul odour.^[17] In Scandinavian folklore, wolf-skin girdles assisted in transforming the wearers into werewolves.^[18] Several Native American tribes used wolf pelts for medicinal purposes,^[19][19] though some Inuit tribes favour dog skin over wolf skin, as the latter is thinner, and more prone to tearing when sewn.^[20] The Pawnee wore wolf skins as capes when exploring enemy territories.^[21] The United States Army used wolf skin for parkas during the later stages of WWII and the Korean War to protect the faces of soldiers from frostbite.^[14] In the Soviet Union, between 1976 and 1988, 30,000 wolf pelts were produced annually. Recent statistics from CITES indicate that 6,000–7,000 wolf skins are internationally traded each year, with Canada, the former Soviet Union, Mongolia and China being the largest exporters, and the United States and Great Britain being the largest importers. Overall, the harvesting of wolves for their fur has little impact on their population, as only the northern varieties (whose numbers are stable) are of commercial value.^[22] Wolf trapping for fur remains a lucrative source of income for many Native Americans.^[15]

Australian Brushtail Possum

The Australian Brushtail Possum (Paihamu in Maori) was introduced to New Zealand in 1837, where unlike Australia, there are no natural predators. This has resulted in an enormous wild population, approximately 70 million, that has a catastrophic effect on natural vegetation. Not to be confused with the North American Opossum, a different animal, the Paihamu chomp their way through an estimated 20,000 tonnes of greenery each night. They are legally considered a pest. Since the mid-1990s, New Zealand manufacturers have been developing techniques to spin the hollow possum fur fibres with other yarns, such as merino wool and silk, creating a unique fabric of incomparable quality, warmth and durability. Amongst the top three warmest furs in the world, along with the Polar Bear and Arctic Fox, the Possum Fur trade has become a viable eco-fur and is known to have been worn by the likes of Bill and Hillary Clinton, along with various Hollywood stars.

References

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} American Fox and Fur Farmer (August 1921), p. 13.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
2. ^ ^{a b} Bachrach 1953, pp. 229–30
3. ^ Bachrach 1953, p. 246
4. ^ Bachrach 1953, p. 252
5. ^ Dale 1906, p. 207
6. ^ Dale 1906, p. 204
7. ^ Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffman & MacDonald 2004, p. 134
8. ^ Bachrach 1953, pp. 231–32
9. ^ Bachrach 1953, p. 235
10. ^ ^{a b} Heptner & Naumov 1998, pp. 160–61
11. ^ Bachrach 1953, p. 216
12. ^ Animals of the Caspian Sea
13. ^ ^{a b} American Fox and Fur Farmer (August 1921), p. 12.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
14. ^ ^{a b c} Bachrach 1953, pp. 205–13
15. ^ ^{a b} Mech 1974
16. ^ Harding 1909, p. 108
17. ^ Griffin, Emma (2007). Blood sport: hunting in Britain since 1066. Yale University Press. p. 65. ISBN 0300116284. 
18. ^ Woodward, Ian The Werewolf Delusion (1979) p. 121, Paddington Press Ltd. ISBN 0448231700
19. ^ ^{a b} Lopez 1978, p. 105
20. ^ Coppinger & Coppinger 2001, p. 55
21. ^ Lopez 1978, pp. 111–2
22. ^ Mech & Boitani 2003, p. 329

Bibliography

• Bachrach, Max (1953). Fur: a practical treatise. New York : Prentice-Hall, 3rd edition 
• Coppinger, Ray; Coppinger, Lorna (2001). Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution. Scribner. ISBN 0684855305 
• Dale, Thomas Francis (1906). The fox. Longmans, Green, and Co.. http://ia311328.us.archive.org/3/items/foxdale00dale/foxdale00dale.pdf 
• Harding, Arthur Robert (1909). Wolf and coyote trapping; an up-to-date wolf hunter's guide, giving the most successful methods of experienced "wolfers" for hunting and trapping these animals, also gives their habits in detail. Columbus, Ohio, A. R. Harding pub. co. http://ia341317.us.archive.org/3/items/wolfcoyotetrappi00hard/wolfcoyotetrappi00hard.pdf 
• Lopez, Barry H. (1978). Of Wolves and Men. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. ISBN 0743249364 
• Mech, L. David (2 May 1974). Canis lupus, MAMALLIAN SPECIES No. 37, pp. 1–6, 5 figs.. The American Society of Mammologists. http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-037-01-0001.pdf 
• Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi (2003). Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226516962 
• Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Hoffman, Michael; MacDonald, David W. (2004), Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs - 2004 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group, ISBN 2831707862, http://www.canids.org/species/Red_fox.pdf