- Quantula striata
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Quantula striata Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda (unranked): clade Heterobranchia
clade Euthyneura
clade Panpulmonata
clade Eupulmonata
clade Stylommatophora
informal group Sigmurethra
clade limacoid cladeSuperfamily: Dyakioidea Family: Dyakiidae Genus: Quantula
Baker, 1941[1]Species: Q. striata Binomial name Quantula striata
(Gray, 1834)Synonyms Dyakia striata (Gray, 1834)
Quantula striata, also known as Dyakia striata, is a species of medium-sized, air-breathing, tropical land snail. It is a terrestrial, pulmonate, gastropod mollusk in the family Dyakiidae. This species appears to be unique among terrestrial gastropods in that it is bioluminescent: Its eggs glow in the dark, and juveniles and most adults give off flashes of green light. It is the only species in the genus Quantula.[2]
Contents
Distribution
This species occurs in Singapore, Malaysia,[3] Cambodia, the Philippines, Fiji, and some islands in the Rhio Archipelago.[4]
Shell description
The shell of this species is dextral (right-handed) in coiling. The shell of an adult snail is 16–27 mm in width.[5] The umbilicus is narrow.[6] The color of the shell is brown, shading to white underneath.[5]
Anatomy
The length of the body is up to 5–6 cm.[5] The dorsal part of the head and foot is dark brown in color.[5] The ventral parts are creamy white in color.[5] The eye tentacles are long, and the eye spots are large.[5]
Bioluminescence
Quantula striata is the only terrestrial gastropod known to exhibit bioluminescence.[7] This was not discovered until 1942, when it was reported by Dr. Yata Haneda (see also Haneda 1946),[8] probably because the flashes are quite dim.[5] The purpose of the snail's bioluminescence is not yet fully understood, but it is thought to have some relation to animal communication.[8] Light is emitted by an organ known as the "organ of Haneda,"[9] located in the head-foot region of the adult snail. This organ consists of a 0.5 mm-wide cluster of giant cells [4] and is a part of the suprapedal gland.[4] The snail flashes while it is moving, and half as intensely when it is feeding, and does not flash when it is inactive.[8] Flashes lasts 0.5–6.0 s.[8]
The light produced is yellow-green, with a wavelength of about 515 nm. The substance which produces it had not yet been identified.[4] Isobe at al. (1991)[4] stated that the fluorescent substance "may be similar to flavin".
The eggs of this species glow, and so do newly hatched snails. Juveniles can produce flashes of light, as can most, but not all, adults.[5]
Ecology
In Singapore these snails live in a variety of disturbed habitats, such as lawns, walkways and rubbish dumps, and like most land snails, they are observed more often after rain.[9]
These snails feed on vegetation, fruit and vegetables, and also on the decaying flesh of already dead animals.[5][8]
In captivity the snails can feed on cucumber, lettuce, carrots, apple, and boiled eggs.[4][5][8] The snails can eat chalk for calcium, and commercially available rat food for protein.[5]
See also
- Latia neritoides, a freshwater snail from New Zealand, is the only other pulmonate gastropod that shows bioluminescence.
References
- ^ Baker H. B. (1941) "Zonitid snails from Pacific islands. Part 3 and 4". Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 166: 203–370.
- ^ Tumpeesuwan C., Naggs F. & Panha S. (31 August 2007) "A new genus and new species of dyakiid snail (Pulmonata: Dyakiidae) from the Phu Phan range, northeastern Thailand". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55(2): 363-369. PDF
- ^ Daston M. M. & Copeland J. (1993) "The luminescent organ and sexual maturity in Dyakia striata". Malacologia 35(1): 9-19. abstract
- ^ a b c d e f Isobe M., Yuakul D., Sigurdsson J. B., Goto T. & Lam T. J. (1991) "Fluorescent Substance in the Luminous Land Snail, Dyakia striata". Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 55(8): 1947-1951. abstract and PDF.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Counsilman J. J. & Ong P. P. (June 1988) "Responses of the luminescent land snail Dyakia (Quantula) striata to natural and artificial lights". Journal of Ethology 6(1):1-8. doi:10.1007/BF02348856.
- ^ http://www.freewebs.com/worldofsnails/asiaandthepacificislands.htm
- ^ Isobe M., Uyakul D., Goto T. & Counsilman J. J. (April/June 1988) "Dyakia bioluminescence - 1. Bioluminescence and fluorescence spectra of the land snail, D. striata". Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 2(2): 73-79. doi:10.1002/bio.1170020204, PubMed.
- ^ a b c d e f Copeland J. & Daston M. M. (1989) "Bioluminescence in the terrestria snail Quantula (Dyakia) striata". Malacologia 30(1-2): 317-324.
- ^ a b "On Quantula striata (Gray, 1834) a bioluminescence snail with a compilation of related works". Online http://shell.kwansei.ac.jp/~shell/life/e_striata.html Last change: 30 January 2007, accessed 27 November 2009.
Further reading
- Copeland J. (1988) "Optic nerve responses to light stimulation in the bioluminescent terrestrial snail, Dyakia (Quantula) striata". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 89(3) 391-400. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(88)91046-8
- Copeland J. & Counsilman J. J. (1986) "Neuroethological Studies of Behavior in the Land Snail Dyakia (Quantula) Striata". International Society for Neuroethology Abstracts 1: 93.
- Copeland J., Counsilman J. J., Loh D., Chan S. Y., Tan W. H. & Maneri M. (1987) "Factors Affecting the Rate of Flashing and Loss of Luminescence in an Asian Land Snail Dyakia Striata". Veliger 29: 394-439.
- Haneda Y. (1946) "A luminous land snail, Dyakia striata, found in Malaya. Seibutsu 1: 294-298.
External links
Categories:- Dyakiidae
- Bioluminescent organisms
- Invertebrates of Malaysia
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