Wilkesia hobdyi

Wilkesia hobdyi
Conservation status
Critically Imperiled (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Tribe:	Madieae[1]
Genus:	Wilkesia
Species:	W. hobdyi
Binomial name
Wilkesia hobdyi H.St.John, 1971[2]

Wilkesia hobdyi (Dwarf Iliau) is a species of flowering plant in the sunflower family, Asteraceae, that is endemic to the island of Kauaʻi in Hawaii. It was first collected in 1968, and was not formally described until 1971. The number of living plants is estimated at fewer than 300. It is considered Critically Imperiled in global rank which means it is at very high risk of extinction.^[3] It has been a federally protected species since 1992.^[4] The Wilkesia genus is one of three genera constituting the silversword alliance, a group of highly diverse yet genetically exceedingly closely related species, all thought to be descended from a colonizing ancestor related to the tarweed of North America.^[5]

Description

W. hobdyi is a perennial shrub with branches reaching a length of 60 cm (24 in) extending vertically from the base. Branch tips yield whorl, rather than spirals, of narrow, flat, grass-like, somewhat thick leaves around 7.5–15 cm (3.0–5.9 in) long. Cream-colored flowers are produced in inflorescences 2 cm (0.79 in) in diameter.^[6] Flowering has been observed most often in the winter months, but also during June. This species is probably pollinated through outcrossing and is probably self-incompatible. Insects are the most likely pollinators.^[4] Wilkesia die after flowering.^[7]

Habitat

W. hobdyi inhabits dry, nearly vertical rock outcroppings in the western part of the island at elevations of 275–400 m (902–1,300 ft).^[6] Rainfall in these sites is less than 1,200 ml per year.^[4]

Terrain typical of W. hobdyi habitat, western Kauai

Threats

The primary threat to the species is grazing by feral goats.^[4] Native species evolved in the absence of grazing animals and thus did not develop any mechanism for protection. When goats were introduced in the 18th century, many native species were devastated. The existing plants are found only on nearly vertical cliffs which even goats cannot climb.^[6] The species is also threatened by encroachment by alien plant species, especially grasses which can smother the plants. Alien grasses also pose fire hazards which endanger the plants.^[4] The other species making up the Wilkesia genus, W. gymnoxiphium, is not officially endangered, though it is also found only on Kauai and is not common there.^[7]

Associated plants

Associated plants include ʻāhinahina (Artemisia spp.) iliau (Wilkesia gymnoxiphium), nehe (Lipochaeta connata), Lobelia niihauensis, makou (Peucedanum sandwicense), kokiʻo ʻula (Hibiscus kokio), alaheʻe (Psydrax odorata), ʻalaʻala wai nui (Peperomia spp.), naio (Myoporum sandwicense), ʻilima (Sida fallax), ʻuhaloa (Waltheria indica), ʻaʻaliʻi (Dodonaea viscosa), and kāwelu (Eragrostis variabilis).^[6]

References

1. ^ "Genus Wilkesia". Taxonomy. UniProt. http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/76707. Retrieved 2009-12-14. 
2. ^ "Wilkesia hobdyi H. St. John". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1997-03-25. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?319866. Retrieved 2009-11-21. 
3. ^ "CPC National Collection Plant Profile: Wilkesia hobdyi". Center for Plant Conservation. http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/collection/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=4421. Retrieved 9 December 2009. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Recovery Plan for the Kaua'i Plant Cluster". US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/950920a.pdf. Retrieved 14 December 2009. 
5. ^ "Hawaiian Native Plant Genera - Asteraceae". University of Hawaii Botany Department. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/silversword.htm. Retrieved December 8, 2009. 
6. ^ ^{a b c d} "Wilkesia hobdyi". CPC National Collection Plant Profiles. Center for Plant Conservation. http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/collection/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=4421. Retrieved 2009-11-21. 
7. ^ ^{a b} Carlquist, Sherwin (1980). Hawaii, a natural history: geology, climate, native flora and fauna above the shoreline. Lawai: Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. p. 266.