Djungarian hamster

For Campbell's dwarf hamster (Phodopus campbelli), see Campbell's dwarf hamster.

Djungarian hamster
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Family:	Cricetidae
Genus:	Phodopus
Species:	P. sungorus
Binomial name
Phodopus sungorus (Pallas, 1773)

The Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus), also known as the Siberian hamster or Russian winter white dwarf hamster, is a species of hamster in the genus Phodopus. It is ball-shaped and typically half the size of the Syrian hamster, and therefore called a dwarf hamster along with all Phodopus species. Features of the Djungarian hamster include a typically thick, dark grey dorsal stripe and furry feet. As winter approaches and the days shorten, the Djungarian hamster's dark fur is just about entirely replaced with white fur. In captivity, this does not always happen. In the wild, they originate from Dzungaria, the wheat fields of Kazakhstan, the meadows of Mongolia, Siberia, and the birch stands of Manchuria.

Djungarian hamsters are common as pets in Europe and North America, and exhibit greater variance in their coats than those found in the wild. They reproduce often—more so than Syrian hamsters—and, as they have no fixed breeding season, can continue to produce large amounts of offspring all year round. Young pups will act aggressively to one another; whilst breeding females may show similar aggression to males.

Biology

Normal colouration

Pearl colouration

Sapphire colouration

The coat of the Djungarian hamster is less woolly than that of the Campbell's dwarf hamster,^[2] and apart from the normal colouring, they can be coloured pearl, sapphire, mandarin, blue, argente, yellow blue fawn, cameltoe, brown, cream, merle and umbrous.^[3] The head length of the Djungarian hamster is 70 to 90 millimetres in length, the length of the tail is five to 15 millimetres, and the hind legs are 11 to 15 millimetres.^[4][3] The body weight changes dramatically throughout the year. It is at its lowest from July to August.^[5] In males, the body weight ranges from 19 grams (0.67 oz) to 45 grams (1.6 oz), and in females, 19 grams (0.67 oz) to 36 grams (1.3 oz).^[4] In human care, they are slightly heavier. The average lifespan of the Djungarian hamster is one to three years of age in captivity. In the wild, they are known to live as little as one year.^[2]

In summer, the fur of the Djungarian hamster on the back changes from ash-grey to dark brown, or sometimes pale brown with a tint.^[6] The face changes to grey or brown, while the mouth area, the whisker area and the ears are slightly brighter.^[5] The ears are grey with a pinkish tint.^[6] The outer ears and the eyes have black edges. The rest of the head is dark brown or black. From the head to the tail runs a black-brown dorsal stripe.^[7] The throat, belly, tail and limbs are white.^[5] The ears are grey with a pinkish tint^[6] with scattered black hairs. The hairs on the underside are completely white.^[8][9] The bright coat the bottom extends to the shoulders, flanks and hips in three arches upward. It is distinguished from the darker fur on the top of the existing black-brown hair, three curved line.^[4]

Apart from the typical colouration, Djungarian hamsters can also be coloured pearl, sapphire, mandarin, blue, argente, yellow blue fawn, camel, brown, cream, merle and umbrous.^[2]

In the winter, the fur is more dense.^[10] They sometimes have a grey tint on their head.^[11] More than ten percent of the hamsters kept in the first winter develop the summer coat. In the second winter, only a few change into the winter coat and winter colour is less pronounced. The moulting in the winter fur starts in October or November and is completed in December, while the summer coat begins in January or February and is completed in March or early April.^[5] The ears are grey with a pinkish tint.^[2] Moulting both run jobs on the head and the back of the spine to the sides, the legs and the underside.^[12] The hairs grow longer in the summer, to about ten millimetres long.^[6]

The pigmentation of hair is controlled by the hormone prolactin and colour genetics.^[13] Day length must be less than fourteen hours to initiate the change to winter coat. The change to the winter coat can be triggered in the summer by the short day lengths. The change occurs back to the summer coat in the autumn, when the length of the days change again. At internal temperatures hamsters in captivity start later with the changes. The winter colour is less pronounced in them.^[5] The eyes of the Djungarian hamster are black, unless it is albino in which case they are red.^[6]

In the wild

Peter Simon Pallas named the Djungarian hamster in 1773 as Mouse sungorus.

In the wild, the Djungarian hamster's fur changes colour in the winter. This adaptation helps them to evade predators in the snow-covered steppes of winter.^[2] The Djungarian hamster digs tunnels one metre deep leading to ground burrows where they can sleep, raise their young and hide from predators.^[6] The weasel is one of the Djungarian hamsters main predators.^[4] Most of these burrows have six entrances. In the summer time, the burrows are lined with moss. To keep the burrow warm in the winter, the Djungarian hamster closes all but one entrance and lines the burrows with animal fur or wool that it finds. The temperature inside the burrow is usually 16.7 °C (62.1 °F).^[2] Djungarian hamsters sometimes live in the semi-deserts in Central Asia.^[14] They also live in the dry steppes and wheat or alfalfa fields as well as on small fields in the forests of the region around Minusinsk.^[15] The fur on the Djungarian hamster's feet protect the feet from the cold ground from in the cold climates in the wild.^[2] The population density is highly varied.^[14] In 1968, the first four examples of the Djungarian hamster were caught in Western Siberia and brought to the Max Planck Institute in Germany.^[6]

Systematics

The Djungarian hamster is a species of Phodopus. The Campbell's Dwarf Hamster is made as a separate species within the Phodopus sungorus species with respect to subspecies. Other subspecies are not distinguished. The Djungarian hamster was described by Peter Simon Pallas in 1773 as a mouse.^[16] The species name sungorus derives from the Dsungaria.^[17] In 1778, Pallas re-named the Djungarian hamster to mouse songarus.^[18] Ned Hollister ordered the Djungarian hamster in 1912 to the genus Phodopus.^[19] A. I. Argiropulo, in 1933, changed the name to priority sungorus^[20] and united the Djungarian hamster as a subspecies of Phodopus sungorus sungorus with the Campbell's Dwarf Hamster.^[21]

Pet ownership

Djungarian hamsters are often found on the pet market in Europe and North America.^[2] Care of the Djungarian hamster is similar to all other species of Phodopus.^[22] The Djungarian hamsters along with most rodents, are prone to tumours. They can also get injury to their cheek pouch from sharp objects damaging the fragile inner lining of the cheek pouches. Other health problems include: bite wounds, broken teeth, constipation, dehydration, dental malocclusion, diarrhea and ear problems.^[23] The Djungarian hamster is easy to tame. In addition to the natural colourings in the wild, ("ruddy" or "agouti") Djungarian hamsters in captivity come in a variety of different colours.^[24]

Breeding

Djungarian hamsters reproduce at a faster rate than Syrian hamsters.^[23][25] Phodopus are able to become pregnant again on the same day that they have given birth. This can all happen within a thirty-six day period. This is done as a survival mechanism to produce large numbers of offspring in a short period of time. This places tremendous demands on the mother.^[23] Research suggests biparental care in Campbell's hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) but not in Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus).^[26] Frequent fighting can occur between the pups and as soon as they are weaned from their mother, they are separated from their mother. They should not be separated from their mother before three weeks of age. Most Djungarian hamster dwarf hamsters grow to 3 to 4" long. Djungarian hamsters breed all year round as there is no specific breeding season.^[6]

During the breeding time, the Djungarian hamster may become aggressive. After mating, the female may want to attack the male to protect her babies. The male will usually hide in holes or caves to escape from the vicious bite of the female Djungarian hamster.^[27] The Djungarian hamster's estrous cycle lasts four days, this means every four days, the female may accept the male back to breed again. This usually occurs when the darkness of the evening sets in. If a male and female Djungarian hamster are not housed together from a young age, it is difficult to tell if the female is willing to breed with the male.^[2]

Hybrids

Of the five species kept commonly as pets, only the Campbell's dwarf hamster and Djungarian hamsters are able to interbreed and produce live offspring or hybrids. Although hybrids make suitable pets, the breeding of hybrids and cloning can cause health and breathing problems. In addition, the widespread breeding and distribution of hybrids could threaten the existence of both pure species and subspecies of the ecosystem, resulting in only "mongrels" existing. Each litter becomes smaller and the young begin to form congenital problems.^[2]

References

1. ^ Tsytsulina, K. (2008). Phodopus sungorus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 14 Jule 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} The Dwarf Hamster: A Guide to Selection, Housing, Care, Nutrition, Behaviour, Health, Breeding, Species and Colours (About Pets) ISBN 9781852792107
3. ^ ^{a b} Winogradow und Argiropulo 1941. Zitiert in: Ross 1998 (S. 1, „General Characters“)
4. ^ ^{a b c d} Krylzow und Schubin 1964. Zitiert in: Ross 1998 (S. 1, „General Characters“).
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} Figala und Mitarbeiter 1973 (Abstract). Die Angaben beziehen sich auf unter natürlichen Bedingungen gehaltene Hamster.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} How to Care for Your Dwarf Hamster (Your first...series) ISBN 1852791500
7. ^ Ross, Patricia (1992). On activity and behavior of three taxa of dwarf hamsters of the genus' Phodopus Miller, 1910. Plant Journal of Mammalogy. pp. 65–76. Dissertation Quoted in Ross 1998 (p. 1, Diagnosis, General Characters "
8. ^ Hamann, U. (1987). The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes. Lecture notes in mathematics 1358.  Quoted in Ross 1998 (p. 1, "Context and Content" of the genre, "Diagnosis "
9. ^ Logsdail, Chris (2005). Hamsterlopaedia. A Complete Guide to Hamster Care. Ringpress Books. p. 174. ISBN 1-86054-246-8. 
10. ^ Honey, Sandra (2005). Dwarf hamsters. Biology. Attitude. Breeding. 2nd. Nature-and animal-Verlag. pp. 9, 56–58. 
11. ^ Pallas 1773rd Quoted in Ross 1998 (p. 1, General Characters ").
12. ^ Zdenek, Veselovský (1964). Contribution to knowledge of Dzungars-Hamsters, Phodopus sungorus (Pallas, 1773). Journal of Mammalogy. pp. 305–311.  Quoted in Ross 1998 (p. 1-2, " form ")
13. ^ Duncan, Marilyn (1984). Hormonal regulation of the annual pelage color cycle in the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus. I. Role of the gonads and the pituitary. Anthology The Journal of Experimental Zoology. pp. 89–95. 
14. ^ ^{a b} Boris Stepanovich Yudin, Lijana Ivanova Galkina, Antonina Fedorovna Potapkina 1979 Quoted in Ross 1998 (p. 5 , "Ecology ").
15. ^ M. N. Meier 1967 Peculiarities of the reproduction and development of‘‘Phodopus’’ sungorus Pallasof different geographic populations] Volume 46 Russian Cited In: Ross 1998 (p. 5, "Ecology"). The figures refer to the area of Minusinsk.
16. ^ Sungorus Pallas 1773 (p. 703) . Quoted in:. Ross 1998 (p. 1, synonymy of the species)
17. ^ Steinlechner 1998 (p. 8).
18. ^ Peter Simon Pallas 1778 quadrupedum species novae e ordine glirium p. 269 Quoted in Ross 1998 (p. 1, synonymy of the species)
19. ^ Ned Hollister 1912 New mammals from the highlands of Siberia Quoted in:. Ross 1998 (p. 1, synonymy of the species)
20. ^ Argiropulo 1933rd Quoted in:. Ross 1998 (p. 1, synonymy of the species)
21. ^ Argiropulo 1933 (p. 136). Quoted in Ross 1998 (p. 6, "Remarks ").
22. ^ "Siberian Hamster". Siberian Hamster. http://siberianhamster.net/siberian-hamster.html. Retrieved 2011-08-08. 
23. ^ ^{a b c} Dwarf Hamsters: Everything about Purchase, Care, Nutrition, and Behavior (Barron's Complete Pet Owner's Manuals) ISBN 0764140965
24. ^ Ross 1998 (p. 6, "Behavior ").
25. ^ Breeding hamsters - how to breed hamsters "Syrian". http://www.ask-the-vet.com/breeding-hamsters-breed-hamsters.htm Breeding hamsters - how to breed hamsters. Retrieved 8 August 2011. 
26. ^ Research by Dr. Katherine Wynne-Edwards at Queen's University, Ontario, Canada
27. ^ Sandra Honey: Dwarf hamsters. Biology. Attitude. Breeding. 2nd Edition. Nature and animal-Verlag, Münster 2005 , ISBN 3-931587-96-7

External links

• Pet Web Site (formerly The Complete Hamster Site) section on Djungarian hamsters
• Pet Web Site (formerly The Complete Hamster Site) section on Hybrid Hamsters
• FurryCritters