Discalis

Discalis Temporal range: Early Devonian PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
clade:	Lycophytina [1]
Genus:	†Discalis S.G.Hao (1989)[2]
Species
†D. longistipa S.G.Hao (1989)[2]

Discalis is a genus of extinct vascular plants of the Early Devonian (Pragian or Siegenian stage, around 411 to 407 million years ago). The name is derived from the Greek δίσκος, referring to the disc-shaped sporangia (spore-forming organs). The genus was first described by Hao in 1989 based on fossil specimens from the Posongchong Formation, Wenshan district, Yunnan, China.

Description

The leafless sporophyte of D. longistipa consisted of creeping stems (axes) up to 5 mm in diameter with many K- or H-shaped branches as well as upturned or trailing stems, slightly smaller in diameter, which also branched. All stems had irregularly arranged multicellular spines up to 2.5 mm long with expanded tips. The stems which did not bear sporangia had coiled (circinnate) tips. Fertile stems bore disc-shaped sporangia laterally on stalks up to 5 mm long, forming open spikes. The sporangia, which were about 3.7 mm in diameter, had spines like the stems, and split (dehisced) along their margin to release the trilete spores, which were 30-50 µm in diameter. Vascular tissue was present in the stems, with tracheids having annular, spiral thickenings.^[2][3]

D. longistipa somewhat resembles Sawdonia, but differs in branching pattern and in the arrangement of the sporangia, including their long stalks.^[2]

Phylogeny

The evolutionary relationship between spines in early plants and the small leaves ('lycophylls') of later lycoposids (club-mosses and allies) has been much discussed. Hao considered that the spines of Discalis could be precursors of lycophylls.^[4] Boyce regarded the occurrence of the spines of Discalis on sporangia as evidence that they were not related to lycophylls in this way.^[5]

A cladogram published in 2004 by Crane et al. places Discalis in a paraphyletic stem group of broadly defined "zosterophylls", basal to the lycopsids (living and extinct clubmosses and relatives).^[1]

lycophytes

†Hicklingia †basal groups (Adoketophyton, Discalis, Distichophytum (=Rebuchia), Gumuia, Huia, Zosterophyllum myretonianum, Z. lianoveranum, Z. fertile) †'core' zosterophylls (Zosterophyllum divaricatum, Tarella, Oricilla, Gosslingia, Hsua, Thrinkophyton, Protobarinophyton, Barinophyton obscurum, B. citrulliforme, Sawdonia, Deheubarthia, Konioria, Anisophyton, Serrulacaulis, Crenaticaulis) †basal groups (Nothia, Zosterophyllum deciduum) lycopsids (extant and extinct members)

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Crane, P.R.; Herendeen, P. & Friis, E.M. (2004), "Fossils and plant phylogeny", American Journal of Botany 91: 1683–99, doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683 
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Hao, Shou-Gang (1989), "A new zosterophyll from the Lower Denovian (Siegenian) of Yunnan, China", Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 57 (3-4): 155–171, doi:10.1016/0034-6667(89)90018-3 
3. ^ Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009), Paleobotany, The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants (2nd ed.), Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8 , p. 254
4. ^ Hao 1989, pp. 169–170
5. ^ Boyce, C.K. (2005), "The evolutionary history of roots and leaves", in Holbrook, N.M. & Zwieniecki, M.A., Vascular Transport in Plants, Burlington: Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-088457-5, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8538-4PP3BVP-Y/2/a3d6b9cbdef54cc1170e17c3785efc08, retrieved 2011-02-06 , p. 491

External links

• Cladogram from Crane, Herendeen & Friis 2004