Lycopodiophyta

Taxobox
fossil_range = fossil range|428SilurianFact|date=February 2008 to recent


image_caption = "Lycopodiella cernua"
image_width = 250px
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Lycopodiophyta
divisio_authority = Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm. [cite journal | last=Cronquist | first=A. | coauthors=A. Takhtajan, W. Zimmermann | year=1966 | title=On the higher taxa of Embryobionta | journal=Taxon | issue=15 | pages=129–134 ] [P.D. Cantino & M.J. Donoghue] cite journal | last= Cantino | first= Philip D. | coauthors= James A. Doyle, Sean W. Graham, Walter S. Judd, Richard G. Olmstead, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis, & Michael J. Donoghue | year=2007 | title= Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of "Tracheophyta" | journal=Taxon | volume=56 | issue=3 | pages= E1–E44 ]
subdivision_ranks = Classes
subdivision =
Lycopodiopsida - clubmosses
Selaginellopsida - spikemosses
Isoetopsida - quillworts and scale trees † Zosterophyllopsida - zosterophylls

The Division Lycopodiophyta (sometimes called Lycophyta) is a tracheophyte subdivision of the Kingdom Plantae. It is the oldest extant (living) vascular plant division at around 420 million years old,Fact|date=February 2008 and includes some of the most "primitive" extant species. These species reproduce by shedding spores and have macroscopic alternation of generations, although some are homosporous while others are heterosporous. They differ from all other vascular plants in having microphylls, leaves that have only a single vascular trace (vein) rather than the much more complex megaphylls found in ferns and seed plants.

There are around 1,200 living species divided into three main groups within the Lycopodiophyta, sometimes separated at the level of order and sometimes at the level of class. These are subdivided at the class level here:

*Class Lycopodiopsida – clubmosses and firmosses
*Class Selaginellopsida – spikemosses
*Class Isoetopsida – quillworts and scale trees

The members of this division have a long evolutionary history, and fossils are abundant worldwide, especially in coal deposits. In fact, most known genera are extinct. The Silurian species "Baragwanathia longifolia" represents the earliest identifable Lycopodiophyta, while some "Cooksonia" seem to be related.

Fossils ascribed to the Lycopodiophyta first appear in the Silurian period, along with a number of other vascular plants. Phylogenetic analysis places them at the base of the vascular plants; they are distinguished by their microphylls and by transverse dehiscence of their sporangia (as contrasted with longitudinal in other vascular plants). Sporangia of living species are borne on the upper surfaces of microphylls (called sporophylls). In some groups, these sporophylls are clustered into strobili.

Club-mosses are "homosporous", but spike-mosses and quillworts are "heterosporous", with female spores larger than the male, and gametophytes forming entirely within the spore walls.

During the Carboniferous period, tree-like Lycopodiophyta (such as "Lepidodendron") formed huge forests and dominated the land. Unlike modern trees, leaves grew out of the entire surface of the trunk and branches, but would fall off as the plant grew, leaving only a small cluster of leaves at the top. Their remains formed many fossil coal deposits. In Fossil Park, Glasgow, Scotland, fossilized Lycopodiophyta trees can be found in sandstone. The trees are marked with diamond-shaped scars where they once had leaves. The spores of Lycopodiophyta are highly flammable and so have been used in fireworks.Cobb, B (1956) A Field Guide to Ferns and their related families: Northeastern and Central North America with a section on species also found in the British Isles and Western Europe (Peterson Field Guides), 215] Currently, huperzine, a chemical isolated from a Chinese clubmoss, is under investigation as a possible treatment for Alzheimer's disease.

References

External links

* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/lycophyta/lycophyta.html Introduction to the Lycophyta] from the University of California Museum of Paleontology
* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/IB181/VPL/Lyco/LycoTitle.html Lycophytes]
* [http://www.glasgowmuseums.com/venue/faq.cfm?venueid=2 Fossil Groves]
* [http://www.palaeos.com/Plants/Lycophytes/ Paleo Plants]