Cystodermella cinnabarina

Cystodermella cinnabarina Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Agaricaceae Genus: Cystodermella Species: C. cinnabarina Binomial name Cystodermella cinnabarina (Alb. & Schwein.) Harmaja Synonyms Agaricus granulosus var. cinnabarinus Agaricus terreyi Armillaria cinnabarina Cystoderma cinnabarinum Cystoderma terreyi Lepiota cinnabarina Lepiota terreyi[1] Cystodermella cinnabarina Mycological characteristics gills on hymenium cap is convex or flat hymenium is emarginate or adnate stipe has a ring spore print is white ecology is saprotrophic edibility: inedible or edible

Cystodermella cinnabarina is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Cystodermella. Its fruiting body is a small agaric bearing a distinctive reddish-coloured grainy cap. It occurs in coniferous and deciduous forests throughout the world. Prior to 2002, this species belonged to genus Cystoderma, subsection Cinnabarina, under the name Cystoderma cinnabarinum which is still sometimes applied. Another often used synonym is Cystoderma terreyi.

Taxonomy

The species was first described as Agaricus granulosus var. cinnabarinus by German botanist Johannes Baptista von Albertini and the American Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1805.^[2] The species has also been known variously as Agaricus terreyi (Berkeley and Broome, 1870),^[3] Armillaria cinnabarina (Kauffman, 1922),^[4] Lepiota cinnabarina (Karsten, 1914),^[5] and Cystoderma terreyi (Harmaja, 1978).^[6]

Description

View of the cap, gills, and stem

The cap is hemispherical in shape at first, becoming convex and finally flat with maturity, and reaching a diameter of up to 8 cm (3.1 in). The cap cuticle is cinnabar, brick-red or rusty orange and densely covered with fine granules. The flesh is white to pallid, with a mild fungoid taste and barely discernible smell. The gills are white to cream, dense and emarginate or adnate. A finely cottony partial veil covers the gills in immature specimens, tearing away to leave behind a delicate ring. The stem is white above the ring, and scaly below, with dark orange squamules. The stem is up to 6 cm (2.4 in) tall and 1.5 cm (0.6 in) in diameter, sometimes bulbous in the base and hollow.

Microscopic characteristics

The basidiospores are oval, hyaline, and non-amyloid, with dimensions of 3.5–5 by 2.5–3.5 µm. The spore print is white.^[7][8] The basidia (spore-producing cells) are club-shaped, and 17–24 by 4–5 µm. C. cinnabarina always has cells called cheilocystidia—cystidia that are present on the edges of gills, which in this species are spear-shaped. This microscopic feature may be used to help distinguish it from the similar-coloured C. adnatifolia^[9] and C. granulosa, which also bear non-amyloid spores, but lack cystidia.^[8]

Species of Cystoderma (including orange-capped species such as Cystoderma amianthinum) have amyloid spores, in comparison to non-amyloid spores in C. cinnabarina and species of Cystodermella in general. This is determined by staining tissue with chemicals in the amyloid reaction—all Cystodermella species show a negative reaction (spores remain colourless).^[10]

Habitat and distribution

Cystodermella cinnabarina is found fruiting in coniferous and deciduous forests,^[11] on ground among moss, grass and litter. Being a saprotrophic fungus, it decays dead organic matter. It has been recorded under pine (Pinus nigra, Pinus pinea), oak , spruce (Picea orientalis), fir (Abies cephalonica) and chestnut (Castanea sativa) in Greece and Turkey.^[8][12] Fruiting bodies appear solitary or in small groups, during the summer and autumn.^[7] It is widely distributed around the world on continents including Asia, Africa, Europe and North America, though in many places it is uncommon.^[8][13] The preliminary red data list of threatened British fungi lists Cystodermella cinnabarinum under the IUCN "Near Threatened" status.^[14]

Edibility

Cystodermella cinnabarina has been variously described as inedible,^[11][13] though harmless,^[15] and even edible^[7][16] regionally, for example, in Hong Kong.

References

1. ^ "Cystodermella cinnabarina taxon record details at Index Fungorum". CAB International. http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=372397. Retrieved December 13, 2009. 
2. ^ Albertini JB, von Schweinitz LD. (1805) (in Latin). Conspectus fungorum in Lusatiae Superioris agro Niskiensi crescentium. Lipsiae, Sumtibus Kummerianis. p. 147. http://www.archive.org/stream/conspectusfungor00albe#page/146/mode/2up. Retrieved 2009-12-17. 
3. ^ Berkeley MJ, Broome CE. (1870). "Notices of British fungi (1182–1262)". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. IV 6: 461–69. 
4. ^ Kauffmann CH. (1922). "The genus Armillaria in the United States and its relationships". Papers of the Michigan Academy of Sciences 2: 53–67. 
5. ^ Karsten P. (1914) (in German). Die Blätterpilze. Leipzig: T. O. Weigel. p. 327. http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/ricken/tafeln_screen/IMG_2720.jpg. Retrieved 2009-12-17. 
6. ^ Harmaja H. (1978). "New species and combinations in the pale-spored Agaricales". Karstenia 18: 29–30. 
7. ^ ^{a b c} Ts. Hinkova (1986). Нашите Гъби (Our Mushrooms). Zemizdat (Bulgaria). p. 95. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Sesli E. (2005). "Cystoderma cinnabarinum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fayod, a New Turkish Mycota Record". Turkish Journal of Botany 29 (6): 463–466. 
9. ^ Saar I. (2003). "The genera Cystoderma and Cystodermella (Tricholomataceae) in temperate Eurasia". Mycotaxon 86: 455–73. 
10. ^ Saar I, Põldmaa K, Kõljalg U. (2009). "The phylogeny and taxonomy of genera Cystoderma and Cystodermella (Agaricales) based on nuclear ITS and LSU sequences". Mycological Progress 8: 59–73. 
11. ^ ^{a b} "Cystoderma cinnabarinum at Mushroom Expert". Kuo M. http://www.mushroomexpert.com/cystoderma_cinnabarinum.html. Retrieved December 13, 2009. 
12. ^ Dimou D. M., Zervakis G. I., Polemis E. (2008). "Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece:IV. Macrofungi from Abies cephalonica forests and other intermixed tree species (Oxya Mt., central Greece)". Mycotaxon 104: 39–42. 
13. ^ ^{a b} "Cystoderma cinnabarinum at Rogers Mushrooms". Rogers Plants Ltd. http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~5891.asp. Retrieved December 13, 2009. 
14. ^ "The Red Data List of Threatened British Fungi". British Mycological Society. http://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/files/RDL_of_Threatened_British_Fungi_Version_1.0.pdf. Retrieved December 13, 2009. ^{[dead link]}
15. ^ "Cystoderma cinnabarinum at Fungipedia.es" (in Spanish). Javier Perez Calvo. http://www.fungipedia.es/clasificacion-orden/basidiomycota/36-tricholomatales/244-cystoderma-cinnabarinum.html. Retrieved December 13, 2009. 
16. ^ Boa E. R. (2006) (in French). "Champignons Comestibles Sauvages" (Edible Wild Mushrooms). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 144. ISBN 9252051570.