Van de Passe family

An engraving of eight of the thirteen Gunpowder Plotters of 1605 by van de Passe.^[1]

A 1616 engraving of Pocahontas by Simon de Passe.^[2]
The original English caption (not visible here) reads "Matoaks als Rebecka daughter to the mighty Prince Powhâtan Emperour of Attanoughkomouck als virginia converted and baptized in the Christian faith, and wife to the wor.^ff M^r. Joh Rolfe ."^[3]
The inscription under the portrait reads "Ætatis suæ 21 A. 1616", Latin for "at the age of 21 in the year 1616".

Crispijn van de Passe the Elder, or de Passe^[4] (c.1564, Arnemuiden - buried 6 March 1637, Utrecht^[5]) was a Dutch publisher and engraver and founder of a dynasty of engravers comparable to the Wierix family and the Sadelers, though mostly at a more mundane commercial level. Most of their engravings were portraits, book title-pages, and the like, with relatively few grander narrative subjects. As with the other dynasties, their style is very similar, and hard to tell apart in the absence of a signature or date, or evidence of location.^[6] Many of the family could produce their own designs, and have left drawings.

Crispijn the Elder

Crispijn van de Passe I was born in Arnemuiden in Zeeland, and trained and worked in Antwerp, then the centre of the printmaking world, with hugely productive workshops producing work for publishers with excellent distribution arrangements throughout Europe. By 1585 he was a member of the artists' Guild of Saint Luke, and doing work for Christopher Plantin.^[7] Much of this was work engraving the paintings of Martin de Vos, whose wife's niece Magdalena de Bock Crispijn married. The disruptions of the Dutch Revolt scattered these artists across Northern Europe; de Passe was an Anabaptist, which made his position especially difficult. He first moved to Aachen, until Protestants were also expelled from there. He started his own engraving and publishing business in Cologne in 1589, but again was forced to leave in 1611. He set up in business in Utrecht, by about 1612, where he created engravings for the English and other markets, and where he died in 1637. His works include a famous rendition of the English Gunpowder Plotters, although it is not known what basis he had for the likenesses.

The family's prints are not rare and are well represented in most print rooms, and the National Portrait Gallery in London.^[1]

The second generation

Four of Crispijn I's children were also notable engravers for the family business,^[1] as was his grandson Crispijn III. His eldest son, Simon de Passe (c. 1595-6 May 1647) worked in England from about 1616 before moving to Copenhagen as royal engraver and designer of medals in 1624, where he remained until his death. He is best remembered for his early London print of Pocahontas (1616).^[2] Crispijn II (ca. 1597-1670) worked in Paris, at least from 1617 to 1627, in Utrecht (1630–1639), and from then until his death in Amsterdam; his work on the "Maneige royal" ("Instructions to the king on how to ride a horse") of Antoine de Pluvinel is considered by Hind the finest work of the dynasty.^[8] Willem de Passe (ca. 1598- ca. 1637), the least productive of the siblings, took over from his brother in England, probably after working in France, and died in London, perhaps of plague. He joined the Huguenot church in Threadneedle Street in 1624, and his wife Elizabeth may have been the daughter of the English publisher Thomas Jenner.^[9] Magdalena van de Passe (1600–1638) was, like her siblings, born in Cologne and died in Utrecht. She specialized in landscapes until her marriage to the minor artist Frederick van Bevervoorden in 1634, after which she essentially stopped engraving, even though her husband died in 1636.^[10][11] The business presumably involved shipping drawings, engraved printing plates, and printed copies around Europe between the various cities involved. After the three deaths in 1637-38 only Crispijn II in the Netherlands and Simon in Denmark remained, and Crispijn II's later years were unsuccessful. Crispijn III was a more minor figure who died in 1678.^[12]

Major works

• Hortus Floridus, mostly by Crispijn II.^[13]
• Heroologia Anglica, 1620. Sixty-five portraits of English notables, by various members of the family

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c} Crispiijn van de Passe, National Portrait Gallery, accessed 6 July 2009
2. ^ ^{a b} A Study of Virginia Indians and Jamestown: The First Century, Buck Woodard, nps.gov, accessed July 2009
3. ^ "1616 engravingg of Pocahontas by Simon van de Passe also John Sith". Virginia Historical Society. http://www.vahistorical.org/img/news/jqsf_poc_300dpi.jpg. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
4. ^ With all family members, the "van" comes and goes in contemporary references. The versions given are the most common in modern references. See Getty for lists of variants.
5. ^ Passe, Crispijn van de (I) at the Netherlands Institute for Art History
6. ^ Mayor, 417
7. ^ Association with Plantin
8. ^ Grove art biography on artnet
9. ^ British Museum online biographical details - see external link.
10. ^ Grove biography at artnet
11. ^ For all, see Hind, 122-124 & passim; Getty ULAN, van de Passe family
12. ^ [1], with details of a 1975 catalogue raisonné of the family's work
13. ^ van de Passe, Crispijn [the Elder] (1614[–1617]). Hortus floridus in quo rariorum & minus vulgarium florum icones ad vivam varamq[ue] formam accuratissime delineatae et secundum quatuor anni tempora divisae exhibentur incredibili labore ac diligentia Crisp. Passaei junioris delineatae ac suum in ordinem redactae [Floral Garden in which are Exhibited Images of Rather Rare and Less Common Flowers, in Living and True Form, Delineated Very Accurately and Divided According to the Four Seasons of the Year, Exhibited by the Unbelievable Labour and Diligence of Crispus Passaeus the Younger, Delineated and Brought Back into their Own Order]. Arnheimij [Arnhem]: Ioannem Ianssonium [?Jan Janszoon the Elder]. 

References

• Hind Arthur M.; A History of Engraving and Etching, Houghton Mifflin Co. 1923 (in USA), reprinted Dover Publications, 1963 ISBN 0-486-20954-7
• Getty Foundation, Union List of Artists' Names online
• Mayor, Hyatt A., Prints and People, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, ISBN 0691003262

External links

• British Library online database has 1838 items by or after the family
• Spamula feature
• Another biography

Persondata
Name	Passe, van de, family
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Date of birth
Place of birth
Date of death	1637
Place of death