Cooks syndrome

Cooks syndrome is a hereditary disorder which is characterized in the hands by bilateral nail hypoplasia on the thumb, index finger, and middle finger, absence of fingernails (anonychia) on the ring finger and little finger, lengthening of the thumbs, and bulbousness of the fingers. In the feet, it is characterized by absence of toenails and absence/hypoplasia of the distal phalanges.^[1] In the second study of this disorder, it was found that the intermediate phalanges, proximal phalanges, and metacarpals were unaffected.^[1]

The disorder was first described by Cooks et al in 1985 after being discovered in two generations of one family. It was proposed that the inheritance of the disorder is autosomal dominant.^[2] A second family, this with three affected generations, confirmed that the inheritance of the disorder is autosomal dominant. Although several genetic disorders exist which can cause anonychia and onychodystrophy, such disorders often cause other anomalies such as deafness, mental retardation, and defects of the hair, eyes, and teeth. Cooks syndrome is not known to cause any such anomalies.^[1]

In 1999, a pair of siblings was found with brachydactyly type B. Because the disorder primarily affected the nails and distal phalanges, the research group concluded that brachydactyly type B and Cooks syndrome are the same disorder.^[3] However, in 2007, a 2-year-old girl was found with symptoms consistent with both brachydactyly type B and Cooks syndrome. It was found that the two syndromes were distinct clinically, radiologically, and genetically.^[4]

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c} Nevin NC, Thomas PS, Eedy DJ, Shepherd C (August 1995). "Anonychia and absence/hypoplasia of distal phalanges (Cooks syndrome): report of a second family". J. Med. Genet. 32 (8): 638–41. doi:10.1136/jmg.32.8.638. PMC 1051641. PMID 7473658. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1051641. 
2. ^ Cooks, R. G.; Hertz, M.; Katznelson M. B.; Goodman R. M. (January 1985). "A new nail dysplasia syndrome with onychonychia and absence and/or hypoplasia of distal phalanges.". Clinical Genetics 27 (1): 85–91. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1985.tb00189.x. PMID 3978841. 
3. ^ de Ravel, T. J.; Berkowitz , D.E.; Wagner, J.M.; Jenkins, T. (January 1999). "Brachydactyly type B with its distinct facies and 'Cooks syndrome' are the same entity.". Clinical dysmorphology 8 (1): 41–5. PMID 10327250. 
4. ^ Castori, M.; Brancati, F.; Mingarelli, R.; Mundlos, S.; Dallapiccola, B. (2007-01-15). "A novel patient with Cooks syndrome supports splitting from "classic" brachydactyly type B.". American Journal of Medical Genetics A 143 (2): 195–9. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31433. PMID 17163524.