Patriarch Callinicus IV of Constantinople

Callinicus IV
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
Church	Church of Constantinople
Appointed	16 Jan 1757
Reign ended	22 July 1757
Predecessor	Cyril V
Successor	Serapheim II
Personal details
Birth name	Constantine Mavrikios
Born	1713 Zagora, Greece
Died	1791 Zagora, Greece
Previous post	Metropolitan of Brăila

Callinicus IV (Greek: Καλλίνικος Δ΄), born Constantine Mavrikios (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Μαυρίκιος), was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople for a few months in 1757 and a writer and scholar.

Callinicus IV is sometime numbered as Callinicus III because his predecessor Callinicus, who was elected in 1726 but died before being enthroned, is sometimes not counted amongst the patriarchs.^[1]

Life

Constantine Mavrikios (Callinicus is his religious name) was born in Zagora, Greece in 1713 and in 1728 he moved to Istanbul. In 1740 he was ordained deacon and on 28 August 1741 he was appointed Great Protosyncellus of the Patriarchate. On 23 September 1743 he was appointed bishop of Metropolitan bishop of Proilavo (i.e. Brăila, in Romania), a position he kept till 1748 when he returned to Istanbul.^[2]

His years in Istanbul were marked by the polemic into the Orthodox community about the need of re-baptized the converts coming from the Catholic and Armenian Churches, particularly numerous after the reconquered by the Ottoman Empire with the Ottoman–Venetian War of the Venetian-ruled Peloponnese.

The supporters of the invalidity of Catholic and Armenian baptisms, and of the consequently need to re-baptize, were the Patriarch Cyril V supported by some scholars such as Eugenios Voulgaris and Eustratios Argenti, and a large portion of the populace instigated by the demagogic monk Auxentios.^[3] The opposition to the re-baptisms was formed by the larger part of the Metropolitans led by Callinicus. Their position was not due to compliance with the Latins, but they considered the re-baptisms an innovation not envisaged by the ancient canons and contrary to the liturgical praxis.

When the Holy Synod voted on 28 April 1755 against the positions of Cyril V, the latter exiled the members of the Holy Synod who were contrary to his view.^[4] Callinicus was persecuted and had to escape. In 1755 Cyril V issued his formal "Oros (Tome) of the Holy Great Church of Christ" which required the re-baptism in any case for any converts.

In 1756 Callinicus took refuge in the French embassy in Istanbul, and here he obtained a large amount of money which were given to the Sultan Osman III and resulted in Cyril's deposition on 16 January 1757 and in his own appointment to the Patriarchate.^[4] However his appointment was strongly opposed by the mob, and his enthronement could be celebrated only with the presence of Ottoman soldiers. After the cerimony the mod tried, unsuccessfully, to seize him.^[4] This opposition to Callinicus hindered any attempt of him to retire the Oros, and his position was so difficoult that he had to resign 22 July 1757,^[5] in favor of Serapheim II who remained neutral on the issue.^[3]

After his resignation Callinicus was exiled to Limnos and later to the Sinai where he stayed in the Monastery of Saint Catherine. In this obligatory residence he worked in the ancient library of the Monastery. In January 1761 he escaped and returned on the slay in Istanbul, where he obtained to be forgiven and in October 1763 he returned to his birth town, Zagora.^[2]

The last period of his life was passed in Zagora, where he founded the local library and devoted himself to patristics studies and to writing.^[6] He died in Zagora in 1791.

Notes

1. ^ The ordinal number "IV" is used by scholars such as Gedeon (1890), Janin (1914), Runciman (1985), Kiminas (2009)
2. ^ ^{a b} Λιναριτακησ, Εμμανουηλ (1996). Οικουμενικός Πατριάρχης Καλλίνικος ο Γ΄ (Δ΄) και το θέμα του αναβαπτισμού (Thesis). Aristotle University Of Thessaloniki (AUTH). pp. 407-408 and abstract. http://thesis.ekt.gr/thesisBookReader/id/10570#page/1/mode/2up. Retrieved 21 June 2011. (Greek)
3. ^ ^{a b} Runciman, Steven (1985). The Great Church in captivity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 358–9. ISBN 9780521313100. 
4. ^ ^{a b c} Frazee, Charles (2006). Catholics and sultans : the church and the Ottoman Empire, 1453-1923. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 161–2. ISBN 0521027004. 
5. ^ Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate. Wildside Press LLC. p. 41. ISBN 9781434458766. 
6. ^ "Οικουμενικός Πατριάρχης Καλλίνικος ο Γ΄ (Δ΄)". Zagora Public Historical Library. http://www.libver.gr:4610/%2858330BE07DB1FD6A1AC3E9B7BEFE1196C0DCEBAB624D5523%29/ecPortal.asp?id=269&nt=18&lang=1. Retrieved 21 June 2011. (Greek)