Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States

Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States

Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States is a three volume work written by Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Joseph Story and published in 1833. In these Commentaries, Story defends the power of the national government and economic liberty. "My object will be" Story wrote, "sufficiently attained, if I shall have succeeded in bringing before the reader the true view of its powers, maintained by its founders and friends, and confirmed and illustrated by the actual practice of the government."[1]

Contents

Contents

Dedication to John Marshall

Story dedicates his commentaries to his friend and fellow Justice, Chief Justice John Marshall: When, indeed, I look back upon your judicial labors during a period of thirty-two years, it is difficult to suppress astonishment at their extent and variety, and at the exact learning, the profound reasoning, and the solid principles which they everywhere display. Other judges have attained an elevated reputation by similar labors, in a single department of jurisprudence. But in one department, (it need scarcely be said that I allude to that of constitutional law,) the common consent of your countrymen has admitted you to stand without a rival.[2]

Preface

In his preface Story writes "From two great sources, however, I have drawn by far the greatest part of my most valuable materials. These are, The Federalist, an incomparable commentary of three of the greatest statesmen of their age, and the extraordinary Judgments of Mr. Chief Justice Marshall upon constitutional law. The former have discussed the structure and organization of the national government, in all its departments, with admirable fulness and force. The latter has expounded the application and limits of its powers and functions with unrivalled profoundness and felicity. The Federalist could do little more than state the objects and general bearing of these powers and functions. The masterly reasoning of the Chief Justice has followed them out to their ultimate results and boundaries with a precision and clearness approaching, as near as may be, to mathematical demonstration."[3]

Story contrasts these commentaries to the writings of other commentators of the Constitution: The reader must not expect to find in these pages any novel views and novel constructions of the Constitution. I have not the ambition to be the author of any new plan of interpreting the theory of the Constitution, or of enlarging or narrowing its powers by ingenious subtilties and learned doubts.[4]

Book I

History of the Colonies

Perhaps following the example of Marshall’s Life of Washington, Story begins with a general history of the American colonies. Interestingly Story has a chapter on Maine, but he does not have one on Vermont.

Book II

History of the Revolution and the Confederation

Story highlights the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation.

Book III

In the first three chapters Story gives a short history of the origin and adoption of the Constitution, the objections to the Constitution, the nature of the Constitution - whether a compact between sovereign states or the supreme and national law of the United States. In Chapter IV, Story discourses on "who is the final judge, or interpreter, in Constitutional controversies." In Chapter V, Story gives his nineteen rules of interpretation of the Constitution.

Chapters 6 through 43 deal with the all the provisions of the original Constitution of the United States.

Chapter 25 deals with the constitutionality of a national bank. Chapter 26 deals the authority of Congress to make roads, canals, and other internal improvements.

Chapter 44 deals with the Amendments to the Constitution.

Chapter 45 contains Story’s concluding remarks. "Many reflections naturally crowd upon the mind at such a moment,-many grateful recollections of the past, and many anxious thoughts of the future. The past is secure. It is unalterable. The seal of eternity is upon it. The wisdom which it has displayed and the blessings which it has bestowed, cannot be obscured; neither can they be debased by human folly or human infirmity. The future is that which may well awaken the most earnest solicitude, both for the virtue and the permanence of our republic. The fate of other republics - their rise, their progress, their decline, and their fall - are written but too legibly on the pages of history, if indeed they were not continually before us in the startling fragments of their ruins. They have perished, and perished by their own hands. Prosperity has enervated them, corruption has debased them, and a venal populace has consummated their destruction."[5]

Justice Story added an appendix to the second volume of the 1833 edition where he quotes President Andrew Jackson’s December 10, 1832 Proclamation which deals with South Carolina’s Nullification Laws. This appendix appears at the end of the first volume of the second, third, fourth and fifth editions.

To the Fourth Edition, published in 1873 by Little, Brown & Co, Thomas M. Cooley added three chapters dealing with the emancipation of the slaves, the Fourteenth Amendment and impartial suffrage.

Editions

  • 1833 First Edition in Three Volumes, Boston: Hilliard, Gray, and Company and Cambrige; Brown, Shattuck, & Co In A catalogue of law books, published and for sale by Charles C. Little and James Brown (1846) a copy of this edition costs $12.00[6]
  • 1851, Second Edition, edited by Story’s son, William Wetmore Story, Boston: Charles C Little and James Brown.
  • 1858, Third Edition, by E.H. Bennett, Boston, Little, Brown and Company
  • 1873, Fourth Edition edited by Thomas Cooley, Boston: Little, Brown and Company. In John Parson's Catalogue of Law Books (1880) a copy of this edition costs $12.00[7]
  • 1891, Fifth Edition edited by Melville Bigelow, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company

Abridgments

Story published an abridgement his Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States "for the Use of Colleges and High Schools." Boston: Hilliard, Gray, and Company/Cambridge: Brown, Shattuck, and Co., 1833. In A catalogue of law books, published and for sale by Charles C. Little and James Brown (1846) a copy of this abridgement costs $3.00[8] Story's Abridgment may well have been even more influential than his three volume work, because the Abridgment saw a much larger audience...The Abridgment was required reading at Harvard and in other academic sttings.[9]

Story published The constitutional class book: being a brief exposition of the Constitution of the United States. Boston: Hilliard, Gray and Company, 1834.

A Familiar Exposition of published at Boston, by Marsh, Capen, Lyon and Webb in 1840. Thomas Webb published an edition in 1842, and Harpers published many reprints starting in 1847.

Reception and enduring reputation

In correspondence Chancellor James Kent wrote to Story on June 19, 1833: I have just now risen from the completion of that duty, and I owe it to you and to myself to say, that I have been delighted and instructed from the beginning to the end of the work. It is a most profound, learned, acute, and excellent production, distinguished for its accuracy, fulness, and judgment. Every topic is discussed in a masterly manner. It is complete and perfect throughout, and carries the head and heart captive through every page. It is written with admirable beauty and elegance of style, and under the glow and fervor of patriotism, eloquence, and truth.

Chief Justice John Marshall wrote to Story on July 31, 1833: I have finished reading your great work, and wish it could be read by every statesman, and every would-be statesman in the United States. It is a comprehensive and an accurate commentary on our Constitution, formed in the spirit of the original text.

Professor R. Mohl, of Tubingen, speaking of it in the Kritische Zeitschrift, says, - We have in this work, as perfect and excellent a Commentary on the North American Public Law, as can be produced by deep and profound reflection, acute logic, extensive knowledge of the national condition and writings, and just political views. Professor Story, by his able and diligent labors, has, without doubt, done a great service, not only to his countrymen, but also, and in a still higher degree, to the European publicists, among whom his name will receive an honorable fame, as readily awarded as it will be enduring!

Professor Greenleaf, speaking of these Commentaries, says, - This great work, . . . admirable alike for its depth of research, its spirited illustrations, and its treasures of political wisdom, has accomplished all in this department which the friends of constitutional law and liberty could desire![10]

Reviews in the press were laudatory, especially the reviews in American Quarterly Review, The American Jurist, The American Monthly Review, and the North American Review.[11]

Thomas M. Cooley in his prefatory essay to his edition of William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England wrote in 1871 "upon the subject of the federal constitution, no work yet supersedes the elaborate treatise of Mr. Justice Story; though If it were re-written in view of recent events and authorities, it might be made much more valuable, and be largely increased in interest to those who shall hereafter read it.[12] Thomas Cooley himself edited and added chapters and notes to the fourth edition of Story's Constitutional Commentaries.

This is not to say that Story's Commentaries met with universal approval. Story's Commentaries were attacked by Southern writers such as Henry St. George Tucker, John Randolph Tucker, and Abel Parker Upshaw. "That Story was the focal point of Southern animus only testified to his prominence as the authority on the Constitution.[13] HJ Powell in his "Joseph Story's Commentaries on the Constitution: A Belated Review" (first published in the Yale Law Review) quotes Upshaw's opinion that the Commentaries were "mere dogmas", and John Calhoun's opinion that Story's Commentaries were essentially false and dangerous.[14]

Reputation in the law

Story’s Constitutional commentaries have been cited in hundreds of cases before state and federal courts where constitutional issues are decided.[15]

References

  1. ^ Story, Joseph Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, Fourth Edition, edited by Thomas Cooley, Boston: Little, Brown & Co, 1874, Volume I, page viii.
  2. ^ Story, Joseph. Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, Fourth Edition, edited by Thomas Cooley, Boston: Little, Brown & Co, 1874, Volume I, page iii.
  3. ^ Story, Joseph Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, Fourth Edition, edited by Thomas Cooley, Boston: Little, Brown & Co, 1874, Volume I, pages vii-viii.
  4. ^ Story, Joseph. Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, Fourth Edition, edited by Thomas Cooley, Boston: Little, Brown & Co, 1874, Volume I, pages viii.
  5. ^ Story, Joseph, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, Fourth Edition, edited by Thomas Cooley. Boston, Little, Brown & Co, 1874, Volume II page 628.
  6. ^ A catalogue of law books, published and for sale by Charles C. Little and James Brown http://books.google.com/books?id=xUxVRsTVUecC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Catalogue+of+Law+Books+Published+and+For+Sale+By+Charles+C.+Little&hl=en&ei=aI3MTN_kEMK78gbqqZyTAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Story&f=false
  7. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=0C4ZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA227&dq=Joseph+story+cooley+catalog&hl=en&ei=23DVTPKOGoO78gbItuytCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&sqi=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
  8. ^ A catalogue of law books, published and for sale by Charles C. Little and James Brown http://books.google.com/books?id=xUxVRsTVUecC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Catalogue+of+Law+Books+Published+and+For+Sale+By+Charles+C.+Little&hl=en&ei=aI3MTN_kEMK78gbqqZyTAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Story&f=false
  9. ^ Rotunda & Nowak "Introduction" to Story's Commenteries on the Constitution of the United States, p. xiii, Reprint Edition, Carolina Academic Press, 1987.
  10. ^ Story, Life and Letters Volume 2, BOSTON: Charles Little & James Brown 1851, pp 134-135, 139-140.
  11. ^ Newmyer, R. Kent, Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1985, p.193 See also Story, Life and Letters Volume 2, BOSTON: Charles Little & James Brown 1851, pp 654-656.
  12. ^ Blackstone, William, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Edited by Thomas Cooley, 1871, Chicago, Callagan Volume 1 p. xv, note.
  13. ^ Newmyer, R. Kent, Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1985, p.192
  14. ^ http://www.jstor.org/pss/796160/
  15. ^ Rotunda & Nowak "Introduction" to Story's Commenteries on the Constitution of the United States, p. xix, Reprint Edition, Carolina Academic Press, 1987.

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