- Black-throated Loon
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Black-throated Loon 
Conservation status Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Gaviiformes Family: Gaviidae Genus: Gavia Species: G. arctica Binomial name Gavia arctica
(Linnaeus, 1758)Subspecies - G. a. arctica
- G. a. viridigularis
The Black-throated Loon (Gavia arctica) is a migratory aquatic bird found in the northern hemisphere. The species is known as an Arctic Loon in North America and the Black-throated Diver in Eurasia, its current name is a compromise proposed by the International Ornithological Committee.[2]
Contents
Taxonomy
The Black-throated Loon was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work, Systema Naturae.[3] The genus name Gavia comes from the Latin for "sea mew", as used by ancient Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder.[4]
Description
Breeding adults are 58 to 77 cm (23 to 30 in) in length with a 100 to 130 cm (39 to 51 in) wingspan, shaped like a smaller, sleeker version of the Great Northern Diver.[5] Body mass is reportedly from 2–3.4 kg (4.4–7.5 lb).[6] They have a grey head, black throat, white underparts and chequered black-and-white mantle. Non-breeding plumage is drabber with the chin and foreneck white. Its bill is grey or whitish and dagger-shaped. In all plumages a white flank patch distinguishes this species from all other divers including the otherwise almost identical Pacific Diver.
Distribution
It breeds in Eurasia and occasionally in western Alaska. It winters at sea, as well as on large lakes over a much wider range.
It is a vagrant to Pakistan[citation needed].
Behaviour
This species, like all divers, is a specialist fish-eater, catching its prey underwater. It flies with neck outstretched. It feeds on fish, insects, crustaceans and amphibians.
The calls include a yodelling high-pitched wail and harsh growls, similar but lower pitched than Pacific Loon.
See Gaviidae for more details on general behaviour
Miscellaneous
Breeding and non-breeding Arctic Loons.
The Black-throated Diver is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.
Instructions for constructing and deploying artificial floating islands to provide Black-throated Divers with nesting opportunities are given in Hancock (2000).
On September 6, 2007, RSPB Scotland and the Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) stated that it was surprised by an increase in the last 12 years in the breeding figures in the UK for the Red-throated Diver and the rarer Black-throated Diver of 16% and 34% respectively due to the anchoring of 58 man-made rafts in lochs. Both species decreased elsewhere in Europe.
The Black-throated Diver is the current school emblem of Achfary Primary School.
Dr Mark Eaton, RSPB scientist traced the drop in overall numbers to warming of the North Sea which reduced stocks of the fish on which they feed.[7]
References
- ^ BirdLife International (2008). Gavia arctica. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 2008-11-04.
- ^ Gill, F., Wright, M. & Donsker, D. (2009). IOC World Bird Names (version 2.2). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ Accessed 3 September 2009
- ^ (Latin) Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii)..
- ^ Johnsgard, Paul A. (1987). Diving Birds of North America. University of Nevada–Lincoln. ISBN 0803225660. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&context=bioscidivingbirds.
- ^ [1] (2011).
- ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0849342585.
- ^ BBC NEWS, Rise in divers mystifies experts
- Hancock, Mark (2000). "Artificial floating islands for nesting Black-throated Divers Gavia arctica in Scotland: construction, use and effect on breeding success". Bird Study 47 (2): 165–175. doi:10.1080/00063650009461172.HTML abstract
- Peter (1988). Seabirds (2nd ed.). London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7470-1410-8.
- Field Guide to the Birds of North America. Washington DC: National Geographic Society. 2002. ISBN 0-7922-6877-6.
Identification
- Appleby, R.H.; S. C. Madge and Killian Mullarney (1986). "Identification of divers in immature and winter plumages". British Birds 79 (8): 365–391.
- Birch, A.; C.T. Lee (1997). "Field identification of Arctic and Pacific Loons". Birding 29: 106–115.
- Birch, A.; C.T. Lee (1995). "Identification of the Pacific Diver - a potential vagrant to Europe". Birding World 8: 458–466.
External links
- IBC Videos on the Internet Bird Collection
- Flicker Field Guide Birds of the World Photographs
- - BTO BirdFacts- Black-throated Diver
- - Bird page- Black-throated Diver
- Information and Illustration on Black-throated Loon (Arctic Loon) from A Field Guide to Birds of Armenia
Loons or Divers (order: Gaviiformes • family: Gaviidae • genus: Gavia) Species Black-throated Loon (Arctic Loon or Black-throated Diver) • Great Northern Loon (Common Loon or Great Northern Diver) • Pacific Loon (Pacific Diver) • Red-throated Loon (Red-throated Diver) • Yellow-billed Loon (White-billed Diver)Categories:- IUCN Red List least concern species
- Gaviiformes
- Birds of Georgia (country)
- Birds of Europe
- Birds of North America
- Birds of Asia
- Birds of Kazakhstan
- Birds of Pakistan
- Birds of Turkey
- British Isles coastal fauna
- Birds of Gibraltar
- Birds of Italy
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