Stenotus binotatus

Stenotus binotatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hemiptera
Family:	Miridae
Genus:	Stenotus
Species:	S. binotatus
Binomial name
Stenotus binotatus (Fabricius, 1794)
Synonyms [1]
Lygaeus binotatus Fabricius, 1794 Cimex paykulli Turton, 1802 Stenotus sareptanus Jakovlev, 1877

Stenotus binotatus is a species of plant bug, originally from Europe, but now also established across North America and New Zealand. It is 6–7 mm (0.24–0.28 in) long, yellowish, with darker markings on the pronotum and forewings. It feeds on various grasses, and can be a pest of crops such as wheat.

Description

Stenotus binotatus is a fairly large plant bug (6–7 millimetres or 0.24–0.28 inch long), which is somewhat variable in appearance.^[2] The insect's sides are roughly parallel, and the colours depend on both the animal's sex and its age, the markings becoming darker and stronger with increasing age. Males are mostly yellow, with darker markings on the pronotum and forewings, which females are greenish-yellow with paler markings.^[2]

Distribution

S. binotatus is native to Europe but has been introduced to temperate regions around the world. It is common "throughout the northern and central U.S. and southern Canada",^[3] and it has been introduced to New Zealand,^[4] where it now found almost throughout the country.^[5]

Ecology

Both the nymphs and adults feed on the inflorescences of grasses, especially timothy-grass (Phleum pratense).^[2] In New Zealand, S. binotatus has been collected from a large variety of plants, including the grasses brown top, Yorkshire fog, cocksfoot, wheat, barley and maize, and many other plants (including rushes, Hypericum, mānuka, rātā, Nothofagus, Coriaria, Olearia, Muehlenbeckia, Carmichaelia, Larix decidua, Eucalyptus, Melicytus ramiflorus, Coprosma robusta, pōhutukawa, hemlock and nettles).^[5]

Adults are active from June to September in the United Kingdom,^[2] and in December and January in New Zealand.^[5]

Crop damage

Stenotus binotatus produces an enzyme which degrades the gluten in the grasses it feeds on. These enzymes are believed to be responsible for the characteristic "sticky dough" produced from wheat which has been attacked by plant bugs such as S. binotatus.^[6]

The wheat grain does not show a pale area or puncture mark after attack by S. binotatus, in contrast to other bugs. Instead, the grains appear collapsed.^[6] Wheat grains from known bug infestation in New Zealand do not resemble those produced by S. binotatus, and SDS-PAGE patterns also suggest that S. binotatus was not the cause of infestations.^[6]

Taxonomic history

External identifiers for Stenotus binotatus
EOL	611540
ITIS	105389
NCBI	236941

Stenotus binotatus was originally described under the name Lygaeus binotatus by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1794.^[1] The genus Stenotus was erected by Wassily Ewgrafowitsch Jakowlew (also transcribed as "Jakovlev") in 1877, and S. binotatus was designated its type species.^[7]

S. binotatus is known by various common names, including two-spotted plant bug,^[8] timothy plant bug,^[9] and slender crop mirid.^[9]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "References for species Stenotus binotatus (Fabricius, 1794)". On-line Systematic Catalog of Plant Bugs (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae). American Museum of Natural History. http://research.amnh.org/pbi/catalog/references.php?id=2159. Retrieved July 17, 2010. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d} "Stenotus binotatus". British Bugs. http://www.britishbugs.org.uk/heteroptera/Miridae/stenotus_binotatus.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010. 
3. ^ Eric R. Eaton & Kenn Kaufman (2007). "Plant bugs". Insects of North America. Kaufman field guides. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 112–113. ISBN 9780618153107. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aWVi0IF_jcQC&pg=PA112. 
4. ^ R. A. Cumber (1959). "The insect complex of sown pastures in the North Island. II. The Hemiptera as revealed by summer sweep-sampling". New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 2 (1): 1–25. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wqk4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA15. 
5. ^ ^{a b c} A. C. Eyles (1999). "Introduced Mirinae of New Zealand (Hemiptera: Miridae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology 26 (4): 355–372. doi:10.1080/03014223.1999.9518199. 
6. ^ ^{a b c} D. Every, J. A. Farrell & M. W. Stufkens (1992). "Bug damage in New Zealand wheat grain: the role of various heteropterous insects". New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 50: 305–312. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgQ4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA305. 
7. ^ Edward P. van Duzee (1916). "Miridae". Check list of the Hemiptera (excepting the Aphidid, Aleurodid and Coccid) of America, north of Mexico. New York Entomological Society. pp. 35–47. http://www.archive.org/details/checklistofhemip00vands. 
8. ^ Alfred George Wheeler (2001). "Appendix 2. Equivalent common and scientific (Latin) names of mirid species mentioned in the text". Biology of the plant bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae): pests, predators, opportunists. Cornell Series in Arthropod Biology Series. Cornell University Press. p. 347. ISBN 9780801438271. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0szFXwGVlo4C&pg=PA347. 
9. ^ ^{a b} R. H. Miller, K. S. Pike (2002). "Insects in wheat-based systems". In B. C. Curtis, S. Rajaram & H. Gómez Macpherson. Bread Wheat: Improvement and Production. Food and Agriculture Organization. pp. 367–393. ISBN 92-5-104809-6. http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4011e/y4011e0q.htm. 

External links

• Stenotus binotatus at Ecology of Commanster