Hedy Lamarr

Infobox actor
name = Hedy Lamarr

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imagesize = 250px
caption = in "Dishonored Lady" (1947)
birthname = Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler
birthdate = birth date|1913|11|9
birthplace = Vienna, Austria
deathdate = death date and age|2000|1|19|1913|11|9
deathplace = Orlando, Florida
yearsactive = 1930 - 1958
spouse = Fritz Mandl (1933-1937)
Gene Markey (1939-1941)
John Loder (1943-1947)
Teddy Stauffer (1951-1952)
W. Howard Lee (1953-1960)
Lewis J. Boies (1963-1965)

Hedy Lamarr (November 9, 1913 – January 19, 2000) was an Austrian-born American actress. Though known primarily for her great beauty on camera, she also co-invented an early form of spread spectrum communications technology, a key to modern wireless communication.cite press release
title =Movie Legend Hedy Lamarr to be Given Special Award at EFF's Sixth Annual Pioneer Awards
publisher =Electronic Frontier Foundation
date =11 March 1997
url =http://www.eff.org/awards/pioneer/1997.php
accessdate =2007-07-04 ]

Early life & career in Europe

Lamarr was born as Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, the daughter of Jewish parents Gertrud (née Lichtwitz), a pianist and Budapest native who came from the "Jewish haute bourgeoisie", and Lemberg-born Emil Kiesler, a successful bank director. [ [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-78975068.html HIGH CLASS WHORE.(actress Hedy Lamarr) | Article from CineAction | HighBeam Research ] ] [ [http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AK&s_site=ohio&p_multi=AK&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB6D5639CBDD2C6&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM Search Results ] ] She studied ballet and piano. When working with Max Reinhardt in Berlin, he called her the "most beautiful woman in Europe". Soon, the teenage girl played major roles in German movies, alongside stars like Heinz Rühmann and Hans Moser.

In early 1933, she starred in "Symphonie der Liebe" or "Ecstasy", a Czechoslovak film made in Prague, in which she played a love-hungry young wife of an indifferent old husband. Closeups of her face in orgasm, and long shots of her running nude through the woods, gave the film notoriety.

On 10 August 1933 she married Friedrich Mandl, a Vienna-based arms manufacturer, 13 years her senior. The Austrian fascist bought up as many copies of the film as he could possibly find, as he objected to her nudity and "the expression on her face". (Lamarr later claimed the looks of passion were the result of the director poking her in the bottom with a safety pin.)cite web |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-and-tv/features/the-ecstasy-488903.html |title=The ecstasy |publisher="The Independent" |date=January 30 2005 |accessdate=2008-02-21] He prevented her from pursuing her acting career, and instead took her to meetings with technicians and business partners. In these meetings, the mathematically-talented Lamarr learned about military technology. Otherwise, she had to stay at castle Schwarzenau. She later related that even though Mandl was part-Jewish, he was consorting with Nazi industialists which infuriated her. In 1937, she convinced Mandl to allow her to attend a party wearing all her expensive jewelry, later drugged him with the help of her maid, and made her escape out of the country with the jewelry.

Movie career in Hollywood

First she went to Paris, then met Louis B. Mayer in London. After he hired her, at his insistence she changed her name to Hedy Lamarr, choosing the surname in homage to a beautiful film star of the silent era, Barbara LaMarr, who had died in 1926 from drugs. In Hollywood, she was usually cast as glamorous and seductive. Her American debut was in "Algiers" (1938). Her many films include "Boom Town" (1940), "White Cargo" (1942), and "Tortilla Flat" (1942), based on the novel by John Steinbeck. "White Cargo", one of Lamarr's biggest hits at MGM, contains arguably her most famous film quote, "I am Tondelayo". In 1941, she was cast alongside two other Hollywood beauties, Lana Turner and Judy Garland in the musical extravaganza "Ziegfeld Girl".

She made 18 films 1940-1949 even though she had two children during that time (1945, 1947). She left MGM in 1945; Lamarr enjoyed her biggest success as Delilah in Cecil B. DeMille's "Samson and Delilah", the highest-grossing film of 1949, with Victor Mature as the Biblical strongman. However, following her comedic turn opposite Bob Hope in "My Favorite Spy" (1951), her career went into decline. She appeared only sporadically in films after 1950, one of her last roles being that of Joan of Arc in Irwin Allen's critically panned epic "The Story of Mankind" (1957).

The publication of her autobiography "Ecstasy and Me" (1967) took place about a year after accusations of shoplifting, and a year after Andy Warhol's short film "Hedy" (1966), also known as "The Shoplifter". The controversy surrounding the shoplifting charges coincided with an aborted return to the screen in "Picture Mommy Dead" (1966). The role was ultimately filled by Zsa Zsa Gabor.

In the ensuing years, Lamarr retreated from public life, and settled in Florida. She returned to the headlines in 1991 when the 78 year old former actress was again accused of shoplifting, although charges were eventually dropped.

Lamarr became a naturalized citizen of the United States on April 10 1953.

For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Hedy Lamarr has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6247 Hollywood Blvd. [cite web|last=Hollywood Chamber of Commerce|first=|title=Hollywood Walk of Fame directory|url=http://www.hollywoodchamber.net/icons/walk_directory.asp| accessdate = 2007-07-04]

Frequency-hopped spread spectrum invention

Avant garde composer George Antheil, a son of German immigrants and neighbor of Lamarr, had experimented with automated control of instruments. Together, he and Lamarr submitted the idea of a "Secret Communication System" in June 1941. On 11 August 1942, US patent|2292387 was granted to Antheil and "Hedy Kiesler Markey", Lamarr's married name at the time. This early version of frequency hopping used a piano roll to change between 88 frequencies and was intended to make radio-guided torpedoes harder for enemies to detect or jam.

The idea was ahead of its time, and not feasible due to the state of mechanical technology in 1942. It was not implemented in the USA until 1962, when it was used by U.S. military ships during a blockade of Cuba, [ [http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/biography/lamarr.html IEEE - Hedy Lamarr, 1914 - 2000 ] ] after the patent had expired. Neither Lamarr nor Antheil (who died in 1959) made any money from the patent. Perhaps due to this lag in development, the patent was little-known until 1997, when the Electronic Frontier Foundation gave Lamarr an award for this contribution.

Lamarr's and Antheil's frequency-hopping idea serves as a basis for modern spread-spectrum communication technology, such as COFDM used in WiFi network connections and CDMA used in some cordless and wireless telephones. [ [http://people.deas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/nu_lectures/lecture7/hedy/lemarr.htm MicroTimes: The Birth Of Spread Spectrum ] ] Similar patents had been granted to others earlier, like in Germany in 1935 to Telefunken engineers Paul Kotowski and Kurt Dannehl who also received US patent|2158662 and US patent|2211132 in 1939 and 1940.

Lamarr wanted to join the National Inventors Council, but she was told that she could better help the war effort by using her celebrity status to sell War Bonds. She once raised $7,000,000 at just one event.

In May 2008, playwright Elyse Singer was slated to premiere a new play in New York City, [http://www.cnsi.ucsb.edu/stage/winners/2007/frequency-hopping.html "Frequency Hopping"] , about Antheil and Lamarr's frequency-hopping invention.

Death

Lamarr died in Altamonte Springs, Florida (near Orlando) on January 19, 2000. Her son Anthony Loder took her ashes to Vienna and spread them in the Wienerwald, according to her wishes.

Legacy

In 1998, a vector illustration of Lamarr's face was used by Corel Corporation on the packaging and in the publicity for its CorelDRAW 8 software. Lamarr retained Attorney Michael McDonnell and sued Corel for damages relating to unauthorized use of her likeness. The case was resolved in 1999 and settled out of court for an undisclosed sum, under terms that allowed Corel five years of exclusive rights to the image. [http://www.theregister.co.uk/1998/12/02/corel_settles_in_lamarr_pic/]

In 2003, the Boeing corporation ran a series of recruitment ads featuring Hedy Lamarr as a woman of science. No reference to her film career was made in the ads. In 2005, the first Inventor's Day in German-speaking countries was held in her honor on November 9, on what would have been her 92nd birthday.

Marriages

Briefly engaged to the German actor, Fred Doederlein and later, actor George Montgomery in 1942, ["Hedy Lamarr Engaged: Screen Star, 27, to Be Bride of George Montgomery, 25", The New York Times, 25 March 1942, p. 23] Lamarr was married to:

* Friedrich Mandl (1900–1977), married 1933–37; chairman of Hirtenberger Patronen-Fabrik, a leading armaments firm founded by his father, Alexander Mandl. Mandl, partially of Jewish descent, was a supporter of Austrofascism, although not Nazism.
* Gene Markey (1895-1980), screenwriter and producer, married 1939–41; son (adopted in 1941, after their divorce), James Lamarr Markey (b. 1939). ["Hedy Lamarr Adopts Baby Boy", The New York Times, 5 November 1941, p. 30] When Lamarr and Markey divorced — she claimed they had only spent four evenings alone together in their marriage — the judge advised her to get to know any future husband longer than the four weeks she had known Markey.

* John Loder (born John Muir Lowe, 1898–1988), actor, married 1943–47; two children: Anthony Loder (b. 1947) and Denise Loder (b. 1945). Loder adopted Hedy's son, James Lamarr Markey, and gave him his surname. James Lamarr Loder later challenged Hedy Lamarr's will in 2000, which did not mention him. He later dropped his suit against the estate in exchange for a lump-sum payment of $50,000. Anthony Loder is featured in the 2004 European documentary film "Calling Hedy Lamarr". [http://www.mischief-films.com/sub2.php?ID=1&S=E Calling Hedy Lamarr] , Mischief Films]
* Ernest "Ted" Stauffer (1909-1991), nightclub owner, restaurateur, and former bandleader, married 1951–52.
* W. Howard Lee (1909–1981), a Texas oilman, married 1953–60. In 1960, he married film star Gene Tierney.
* Lewis J. Boies (b. 1920), a lawyer, married 1963–65.

Filmography

*"Das Geld liegt auf der Straße" ("Money on the Street", 1930)
*"Die Frau von Lindenau" ("Storm in a Water Glass", 1931)
*"Die Abenteuer des Herrn O. F." ("The Trunks of Mr. O. F.", 1931)
*"Man braucht kein Geld" ("We Need No Money", 1932)
*"Ekstase / Symphonie der Liebe" ("Ecstasy", 1933)
*"Algiers" (1938)
*"Hollywood Goes to Town" (1938) (short subject)
*"Screen Snapshots: Stars at a Charity Ball" (1939) (short subject)
*"Lady of the Tropics" (1939)
*"I Take This Woman" (1940)
*"Boom Town" (1940)
*"Comrade X" (1940)
*"Come Live with Me" (1941)
*"Ziegfeld Girl" (1941)
*"H.M. Pulham, Esq." (1941)
*"Tortilla Flat" (1942)
*"Crossroads" (1942)
*"White Cargo" (1942)
*"Show Business at War" (1943) (short subject)
*"The Heavenly Body" (1944)
*"The Conspirators" (1944)
*"Experiment Perilous" (1944)
*"Her Highness and the Bellboy" (1945)
*"The Strange Woman" (1946)
*"Dishonored Lady" (1947)
*"Let's Live a Little" (1948)
*"Samson and Delilah" (1949)
*"A Lady Without Passport" (1950)
*"Copper Canyon" (1950)
*"My Favorite Spy" (1951)
*"The Eternal Female" (1954) (unfinished)
*"Loves of Three Queens" (1954)
*"The Story of Mankind" (1957)
*"The Female Animal" (1958)

Personal life

*In 1965 Lamarr made headlines for being arrested for shoplifting; charges were eventually dropped. This situation played out again in 1991.

*According to her autobiography, "Ecstasy and Me" (1966), once while running away from Friedrich Mandl, she slipped into a brothel and hid in an empty room. While her husband searched the brothel, a man entered the room and she had sex with him so she could remain hidden. She was finally successful in escaping when she hired a new maid who resembled her; she drugged the maid and used her uniform as a disguise to escape. [Hedy Lamarr, with Leo Guild and Cy Rice, "Ecstasy and Me: My Life as a Woman", NY: Bartholomew House, 1966] Lamarr later sued the publisher claiming that many of the anecdotes in the book, which was described by a judge as "filthy, nauseating, and revolting", were fabricated by its ghost writer, Leo Guild. ["Hedy Lamarr Loses Suit to Halt Book", The New York Times, 27 September 1966, p. 74] ["Lamarr Autobiography Prompts Plaigarism Suit", The New York Times, February 1967, p. 18]
*In an interview included in the DVD release of "Blazing Saddles" (1974), Mel Brooks claims that Hedy Lamarr threatened to sue the producers. He says she believed the film's running "Hedley Lamarr" joke infringed her right to publicity. In one scene, one character even warns another that Hedy would sue. Brooks says they settled out of court for a small sum.

Popular culture

*Andy Warhol directed a 70-minute film "Hedy" (1966) also known as "Hedy the Shoplifter", starring drag queen Mario Montez as Hedy. [imdb title|id=0218325|title=Hedy]
* In the song "Feed Me (Git it)" from "Little Shop of Horrors" (1986), Audrey II lists a date with Hedy Lamarr as part of his offer to Seymour in exchange for food.
*In the video game Half-Life 2, Doctor Isaac Kleiner keeps a debeaked headcrab he calls 'Lamarr' and at some points in the game calls 'Hedy'. The same headcrab appears in the ending sequence of the game.
*Hedy Lamarr's story is illustrated by Carla Speed McNeil on Jim Ottaviani's graphic novel, "", which focuses on her engineering developments.
*"Hedley Lamarr"'s a character in "Blazing Saddles" (1974).

ee also

*List of Austrian scientists
*List of Austrians
*Inventor's Day

References

External links

*imdb name|id=0001443|name=Hedy Lamarr
*tcmdb name|id=107525|name=Hedy Lamarr
* [http://www.reelclassics.com/Actresses/Lamarr/lamarr.htm Hedy Lamarr at Reel Classics]
*Find A Grave|id=20841
* [http://www.hedylamarr.org Hedy Lamarr foundation]
* [http://www.inventions.org/culture/female/lamarr.html Inventions.org page on Hedy Lamarr]
* [http://www.altfg.com/blog/archives/2007/02/13/hedy-lamarr-biographer-patrick-agan-discusses-the-legendary-hollywood-star/ Interview with Hedy Lamarr biographer Patrick Agan]
*
* [http://www.newindpress.com/sunday/sundayitems.asp?id=SEH20070119071738&eTitle=Cover+Story&rLink=0/ January 2007 front page tribute to Hedy Lamarr in the Indian press]
* [http://deccanherald.com/Content/Jun172007/finearts200706167840.asp May 2007 interview with Anthony Loder for the Indian press]
* [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1997/4/1997_4_10.shtml "Advanced Weaponry of the Stars" by Prof. Hans-Joachim Braun] Invention & Technology article about Hedy Lamarr's patent
* [http://www.inventors-day.com Annual Inventor's Day on her Birthday]
* [http://www.faz.net/s/Rub163D8A6908014952B0FB3DB178F372D4/Doc~E44D5387DCF594429BF93EFD4E066950A~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html "Deconstructing Hedy Lamarr"] , Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung, 22 May 2006. de icon
* [http://www.heise.de/to/r4/artikel/23/23506/1.html Review of the Documentary "Hedy Lamarr - Secrets Of A Hollywood Star"] , Telepolis, 16 September 2006. de icon
* [http://www.faz.net/s/Rub163D8A6908014952B0FB3DB178F372D4/Doc~E2887C0EF58D14DBAAEF836578CD593E6~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html "Frequenzspreizung und Lizenzfaschismus"] Discussion of Lamarr's patent de icon
* [http://colintodhunter.blogspot.com/2008/06/hedy-lamarr-articles-in-indian-press-in.html Trilogy of Newspaper Articles on Hedy Lamarr in the Indian press in 2007] by Colin Todhunter

Persondata
NAME= Lamarr, Hedy
ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Kiesler, Hedwig Eva Maria
SHORT DESCRIPTION= Actress, inventor
DATE OF BIRTH= November 9, 1913
PLACE OF BIRTH= Vienna, Austria
DATE OF DEATH= January 19, 2000
PLACE OF DEATH= Orlando, Florida