- Noahidism
-
Noahidism is a Biblical-Talmudic and monotheistic ideology based on the Seven Laws of Noah. According to Jewish law, non-Jews are not obligated to convert to Judaism, but they are required to observe the Seven Laws of Noah to be assured of a place in the World to Come (Olam Haba), the final reward of the righteous.[1][2] Those who subscribe to the observance of such laws and their supporting organizations are referred to as Bene Noach (B'nei Noah) (Hebrew: בני נח), Children of Noah, Noahides or Noahites.
Technically, the Hebrew term Bene Noach applies to all non-Jews as descendants of Noah. However, nowadays it is also used to refer specifically to those non-Jews who observe the Noahide Laws.
Contents
Theological background
According to the Book of Genesis, the first book of Hebrew Bible, all humanity descends from Noah. Noah and his three children Shem, Ham, and Japheth survived the Flood aboard the Ark, along with their wives (Genesis 7:13, 8:16). Once the survivors were able to leave the ark for dry ground, they started new families and repopulated the earth (Genesis 9:18-19).
When Noah's family left the Ark, God made a covenant with them (Genesis 9:8) as well all the creature they had made aboard on the ark thus survived (Genesis 9:9). Although the account in Genesis 9 explicitly refers only two things on eating flesh meat in a right way (Genesis 9:4) and prohibition of human murder (Genesis 9:5), according to the Talmud, this covenant included the Seven Laws of Noah. Thus, to the B'nei Noah, all living humans as descendants of Noah are subject to the Noahide laws.
Maimonides (Rabbi Moshe Ben Maimon, also known as "the Rambam") collected all of the talmudic and halakhic decisions in his time, and laid them out clearly in his work the Mishnah Torah; in addition to Jewish laws and their explanations, Noahide Laws were also collected with their explanation in Maimonides' Sefer Shoftim ("Book of Judges") in the last section Hilchot Melachim U’Milchamot ("The Laws of Kings and Wars") 8:9–10:12, which is available in English online.[3] Some details of these laws are also found in the Midrashic literature.[4]
The Seven Laws of Noah
Main article: Seven Laws of NoahThe seven laws listed by the Tosefta and the Talmud are[5]
- Prohibition of idolatry: You shall not have any idols before God.
- Prohibition of murder: You shall not murder. (Genesis 9:6)
- Prohibition of theft: You shall not steal.
- Prohibition of sexual immorality: You shall not commit any of a series of sexual prohibitions, which include adultery, certain forms of incest, homosexual behaviour and bestiality.
- Prohibition of blasphemy: You shall not blaspheme God's name.
- Dietary law: Do not eat flesh taken from an animal while it is still alive. (Genesis 9:4, as interpreted in the Talmud (Sanhedrin 59a))
- Requirement to have just laws: Set up a governing body of law (e.g. courts)
Modern movement
A modern movement known as the B'nei Noah or B'nei Noach has appeared in which members endeavour to follow the Noahide Laws.
Orthodox Judaism does not usually promote conversion to Judaism but does, on the other hand, believe that the Jewish people have a duty to provide information to those interested in fulfilling the Noahide Laws, based on Maimonides. Some Jewish groups have been particularly active in promoting the Seven Laws, notably the Chabad-Lubavitch movement (whose late leader, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, launched the global Noahide Campaign), groups affiliated with Dor Daim, and strict students of Maimonides.
Small groups calling themselves the B'nei Noah (children of Noah) have recently organised themselves to form communities to abide by these laws and lead their lives with perceived morality.[citation needed] The High Council of B'nei Noah is particularly reflective of an apparent success at forming ties with Orthodox Judaism and Observant Noahides.
Some of their organizations include:
High Council of B’nei Noah
Main article: High Council of B'nei NoahA High Council of B’nei Noah was endorsed on January 10, 2006 by a group established in Israel in 2004 that claims to be 'the new Sanhedrin'; this Council was set up to represent B'nei Noah communities around the world.[6][7]
Acknowledgment of B'nei Noah
The Chabad-Lubavitch movement has been the most politically active in Noahide matters, believing that there is spiritual value for non-Jews in simply acknowledging the seven laws. In 1991 they had a reference to these laws enshrined in a congressional proclamation: Presidential Proclamation 5956,[8] then-President George H. W. Bush, recalling Joint House Resolution 173, and recalling that the ethical and moral principles of all civilizations come in part from the Seven Noahide Laws, proclaimed March 26, 1991 as "Education Day, U.S.A." Subsequently, Public Law 102-14, formally designated the Lubavitcher Rebbe's birthday as "Education Day, U.S.A.", with Congress recalling that "without these ethical values and principles the edifice of civilization stands in serious peril of returning to chaos", and that "society is profoundly concerned with the recent weakening of these principles that has resulted in crises that beleaguer and threaten the fabric of civilized society".[9]
In April 2006, the spiritual leader of the Druze community in Israel, Sheikh Mowafak Tarif, met with a representative of Chabad-Lubavitch to sign a declaration calling on all non-Jews in Israel to observe the Noahide Laws as laid down in the Bible and expounded upon in Jewish tradition. The mayor of the Galilean city of Shefa-'Amr (Shfaram) — where Muslim, Christian and Druze communities live side-by-side — also signed the document.[10]
In March 2007, Chabad-Lubavitch gathered ambassadors from six different countries to take part in a gathering to declare, in the name of the states they represent, their support of the universal teachings of Noahide Laws. They represented Poland, Latvia, Mexico, Panama, Ghana, and Japan. They were part of a special program organized by Harav Boaz Kali.[11]
In April, the Abu Gosh mayor Salim Jaber accepted the seven Noahide laws as part of a mass rally by Chabad at the Bloomfield Stadium in Tel Aviv.[12]
In May, the newly elected president of France, Nicolas Sarkozy, met with a Chabad-Lubavitch rabbi, Dovid Zaoui, who presented him with literature on the universal teachings of the Noahide Laws.[13]
The Ten Commandments
There is confusion by some biblical commentators that, in addition to the seven laws of Noah, gentiles are bound to keep the Ten Commandments. The confusion arises from the mistranslation of the Hebrew term for the Ten Commandments, as the "Ten Sayings." [14]
See also
References
- ^ Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot M'lakhim 8:14
- ^ Encyclopedia Talmudit (Hebrew edition, Israel, 5741/1981, entry Ben Noah, end of article); note the variant reading of Maimonides and the references in the footnote
- ^ "Maimonides’ Law of Noahides". WikiNoah. http://en.wikinoah.org/index.php/Maimonides%27_Law_of_Noahides.
- ^ Midrash Rabbah
- ^ Tosefta Avodah Zarah 9.4, dated circa 300, quoted in Talmud Sanhedrin 56a.
- ^ Sanhedrin Moves to Establish Council For Noahides
- ^ Arutz Sheva
- ^ "Presidency". UCSB. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=23514.
- ^ "Thomas". LoC. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.J.RES.104.ENR:.
- ^ "Arutzsheva". http://www.arutzsheva.com/news.php3?id=56379.
- ^ Ambassadors Sign 7 Mitzvos Declaration
- ^ Arab mayor attends Chabad rally - Israel News, Ynetnews
- ^ French President Sarkozy Discusses Sheva Mitzvos
- ^ www.jewfaq.org
External links
- Ask Noah International and "The Divine Code" – Shulchan Aruch (Code of Torah Law) for Gentiles
- Wikinoah: Online resource of history, halacha, publications, and websites concerning Bnei Noah
- United Noahide Academies — Torah for the Nations
- OU Radio show on Bnei Noah — The Jew, The Minister and The Bnei Noah
- Bnei Noach Movement in the Media
- Magazine Coverage on the 7 Laws of Noah/Bnei Noah — Mishpacha Magazine
- NoahideNations
- Noahide.org
- 7for70.com
Noahide communities
Categories:- Noahides
- Abrahamic religions
- Monotheistic religions
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