Artificial dwelling hill

An artificial dwelling hill (known as Terp, Wierde, Woerd, Warf, Warft, Werf, Wurt and Værft) is a mound, created to provide safe ground during high tide and river floods.These hills occur in the northern part of the Netherlands (in the provinces of Friesland, Zeeland and Groningen), in southern part of Denmark and in Germany where, before dikes were made, tides interfered with daily life. They also occur in the Rhine and Meuse river plains in the central part of the Netherlands.

In Friesland

In the Dutch province of Friesland, an artificial dwelling hill is called "terp" (plural "terpen"). "Terp" means "village" in Old Frisian and is cognate with English thorp, Danish "torp", German "Dorf" and Dutch "dorp". The better word for these mounds would therefore be "wierde" or "Wurt", but "terp" has become the predominant term.

Historical Frisian settlements were built on artificial terpen up to 15 m height to be safe from the floods in periods of rising sea levels. The first terp-building period dates from 500 BC, the second from 200 BC to 50 BC. In the mid 3rd century, the rise of sea level was so dramatic that the clay district was deserted, and settlers returned only around AD 400. A third terp-building period dates from AD 700 (Old Frisian times). This ended with the coming of the dike somewhere around 1200. During the 18th and 19th centuries, many terps were destroyed to use the fertile soil they contained to fertilize farm fields. Terpen were usually well fertilized by the decay of the rubbish and personal waste deposited by their inhabitants during centuries. The largest terp, seen on the picture to the right, is still preserved.

Wierden in the province of Groningen

In the Dutch province of Groningen an artificial dwelling hill is referred to as "wierde" (plural "wierden"). Like in Friesland the first wierde-building occurred 500 BC or maybe earlier.

List of artificial dwelling mounds

Place names in the Frisian coastal region ending in "-werd", "-ward", "-uert" etc. refer to the fact that the village was built on an artificial dwelling mound (wierde). The greater part of the terp-villages though have names ending in "-um", from "-heem" or "-hiem", meaning (farm)yard, grounds. There are a few villagenames in Friesland ending with "-terp" (e.g. Ureterp), referring not to a dwelling mound but merely to the Old Frisian word for village. The first element of the toponyms is quite often a person's name or is simply describing the environmental features of the settlement (e.g. Rasquert (prov. Groningen) Riazuurđ: "wierde" with reed, where reed grows).

Some 1,200 terpen are known in Groningen and Friesland only, varying from abandoned settlements, mounds with only one or a few farmhouses, until larger villages and old towns. A few of them are listed below.

"Friesland"
*Aalsum ( _fr. Ealsum)
*Bolsward ("Boalsert")
*Dokkum
*Ee
*Ferwerd
*Genum
*Hogebeintum
*Janum
*Leeuwarden ("Ljouwert")
*Metslawier
*Wijnaldum

"Groningen"
*Adorp
*Bedum
*Bierum
*Ezinge
*Feerwerd
*Garnwerd
*Holwierde
*Leens
*Middelstum
*Niehove
*Rottum
*Saaksum
*Spijk
*Ulrum
*Usquert

"Northern Germany"
*Loquard (Ostfriesland)
*Eckwarden (Butjadingen)
*Itzwärden (Land Wursten)