Pebbled butterflyfish

Pebbled butterflyfish
Pebbled butterflyfish are often found in pairs
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Perciformes
Family:	Chaetodontidae
Genus:	Chaetodon
Subgenus:	Exornator
Species:	C. multicinctus
Binomial name
Chaetodon multicinctus Garrett, 1863

Pebbled butterflyfish (Chaetodon multicinctus) are marine, perciform fish often found near reefs. They are at most 12 centimetres (4.7 in) in length, and white with yellow, brown, and black markings. These butterflyfish are territorial and form pairs. The pebbled butterflyfish occur near reefs in the eastern central Pacific, and are endemic to waters off the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll. They have a role in aquarium trade.^[1]

Description and biology

Pebbled butterflyfish reach maximum lengths of 12 centimetres (4.7 in).^[1] The body is spotted and white, though it may bear shades of green and yellow. There are five light brown bands crossing the side of the body. On the ventral side, a dark line extends from the anal fins, gradually lightening to yellow as it moves towards the pelvic fins.^[2] Though often mistaken for the crochet butterflyfish (Chaetodon guentheri) or speckled butterflyfish (Chaetodon citrinellus), the pebbled butterflyfish can be distinguished by its vertical bands.^[3]

On the dorsal and anal fins, there is a black line running lengthwise, approximately one-third the total height of the fin from the outer margin.^[2] The pelvic fins are white, and the pectorals are transparent. The caudal fin bears a black crescent at its middle and a dark ring at its base.^[2]

They form pairs, especially for breeding, and lay eggs.^[1] Pebbled butterflyfish are monogamous and are aggressively territorial. They will mate to defend a feeding territory.^[4] The diet of the pebbled butterflyfish is fairly specialist,^[5] and is cromprised of coral polyps, polychaete worms, and small shrimps.^[1]

Distribution and habitat

Pebbled butterflyfish are distributed throughout the eastern central Pacific Ocean. They are found in waters off the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll. Pebbled butterflyfish occur near coral reefs and over rocks.^[1]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2010). "Chaetodon multicinctus" in FishBase. January 2010 version.
2. ^ ^{a b c} Jenkins, Oliver P. (1904). "Report on Collections of Fishes made in the Hawaiian Islands, with Descriptions of New Species". Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission (Washington: The Commission, Government Printing Office) 22: 472. 
3. ^ Goodson, Gar (1986). "1". The many-splendored fishes of Hawaii. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780804712705. 
4. ^ Dewan, A. K.; K. P. Maruska and T. C. Tricas (2008). "Arginine Vasotocin Neuronal Phenotypes among Congeneric Territorial and Shoaling Reef Butterflyfishes: Species, Sex and Reproductive Season Comparisons". Journal of Neuroendocrinology (Blackwell Publishing) 20: 1382–1394. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01798.x. http://www.hawaii.edu/fishlab/pubs/Dewan%20et%20al.%202008.pdf. Retrieved 11 April 2010. 
5. ^ Ludwig, G. M.; L. R. Taylor Jr., and D. M. Imose (August 1980). "Summer Census of the Reef-Fish Community of Waters Adjacent to Pu'uhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park". Technical Report 32. Honolulu: University of Hawaii. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/techr/032.pdf. Retrieved 11 April 2010.