Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond

The Duke of Richmond
Born	18 May 1701(1701-05-18)
Died	8 August 1750(1750-08-08) (aged 49)
Title	Duke of Richmond
Tenure	27 May 1723 - 8 August 1750 (&1000000000000002700000027 years, &1000000000000007300000073 days)
Other titles	2nd Duke of Lennox 2nd Duke of Aubigny (France) 2nd Earl of March 2nd Earl of Darnley 2nd Baron Settrington 2nd Lord Torbolton Hereditary Constable of Inverness Castle
Successor	Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke
Spouse(s)	Sarah Cadogan
Issue	Georgiana Carolina Lennox Emilia Mary Lennox Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke Lord George Lennox Louisa Augusta Lennox Sarah Lennox Cecilia Lennox
Parents	Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond Anne Brudenell

Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, 2nd Duke of Lennox, 2nd Duke of Aubigny, KG, KB, PC, FRS (18 May 1701, Goodwood, Sussex – 8 August 1750, Godalming, Surrey) was the son of Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, and a grandson of King Charles II.

He held a number of posts in connection with his high office but is best remembered for his patronage of cricket and he has been described as the most important of the sport's early patrons.

Early life

Lennox was created Earl of March at his birth in 1701 as heir to his father's dukedom.^[1] He also inherited his father's love of sports, particularly cricket.^[2] He had a serious accident aged 12 when he was thrown from a horse during a hunt, but he recovered and it did not deter him from horsemanship.^[3]

March was entered into an arranged marriage in December 1719 when he was still only 18 and his bride, Lady Sarah Cadogan was just 13. They were married at The Hague.^[4]

In 1722, March became Member of Parliament for Chichester as first member with Sir Thomas Miller as his second. He gave up the post after his father died in May 1723 and he succeeded to the title of 2nd Duke of Richmond.

A feature of Richmond's career was the support he received from his wife Sarah, her interest being evident in surviving letters. Their marriage was a great success, especially by Georgian standards. Their grandson who became the 4th Duke is known to cricket history as the Hon. Col. Charles Lennox, a noted amateur batsman of the late 18th century who was one of Thomas Lord's main guarantors when he established his new ground in Marylebone.^[5]

Cricket career

The Duke of Richmond's XI

Charles Lennox

Personal information
Full name	Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond
Born	18 May 1701 Goodwood, West Sussex, England
Died	8 August 1750 Godalming, Surrey, England
Batting style	unknown hand
Bowling style	underarm
Role	patron and team captain
Domestic team information
Years	Team
c. 1720 to c. 1750	Sussex
Career statistics
Source: [John Marshall], 17 July 2009

The 2nd Duke of Richmond has been described as early cricket's greatest patron.^[6] Although he had played cricket as a boy, his real involvement began after he succeeded to the dukedom.^[7] His earliest recorded match is the one against Sir William Gage's XI on 20 July 1725, which is mentioned in a surviving letter from Sir William to the Duke.^[8][9]

Richmond captained his own XI and his players included some of the earliest known professionals such as his groom Thomas Waymark, and later, when he patronised Slindon Cricket Club, Richmond was associated with the Newland brothers.^[5]

Records have survived of four matches played by Richmond's team in the 1727 season. Two were against Gage's XI and two against an XI raised by the Surrey patron Alan Brodrick.^[10] These last two games are highly significant because Richmond and Brodrick drew up Articles of Agreement beforehand to determine the rules that must apply in their contests. These were itemised in sixteen points.^[11] It is believed that this was the first time that rules (or some part of the rules as in this case) were formally agreed, although rules as such definitely existed.^[5] The first full codification of the Laws of Cricket was done in 1744. In early times, the rules would be agreed orally and subject to local variations; this syndrome was also evident in football until the FA was founded, especially re the question of handling the ball.^[5] Essentially the articles of agreement were around residential qualifications and ensuring that there was no dissent by any player other than the two captains.^[12]

In 1728, Richmond's Sussex played twice against Edward Stead's Kent and lost both matches, with Kent effectively claiming the Champion County title as "(its) men have been too expert for those of Sussex".^[13]

In 1730, Richmond's team played two matches against Gage's XI and another match against a Surrey XI backed by a Mr Andrews of Sunbury. Richmond lost to Andrews.^[14] The second of his matches against Gage, due to be played at The Dripping Pan, near Lewes, was "put off on account of Waymark, the Duke's man, being ill".^[15]

In 1731, Richmond was involved in one of the most controversial matches recorded in the early history of cricket. On 16 August, his Sussex team played a Middlesex XI backed by a Mr Chambers at a venue in Chichester. Mr Chambers' team won this match, which had a prize of 100 guineas, and a return was arranged to take place at Richmond Green on 23 August.^[16]

The return match was played for 200 guineas and it is notable as the earliest match of which the team scores are known: Duke of Richmond 79, Mr Chambers 119; Duke of Richmond 72, Mr Chambers 23-5 (approx.). The game ended promptly at a pre-agreed time although Mr Chambers with "four or five more to have come in" and needing "about 8 to 10 notches" clearly had the upper hand. The end result caused a fracas among the crowd at Richmond Green who were incensed by the prompt finish because the Duke of Richmond had arrived late and delayed the start of the game. The riot resulted in some of the Sussex players "having the shirts torn off their backs" and it was said "a law suit would commence about the play".^[17] In a note about another match involving Mr Chambers' team in September, G. B. Buckley has recorded that Richmond may have conceded the result to Chambers, presumably to stop the threat of litigation.^[18]

Richmond is not mentioned in cricket sources again for ten years. He may have stepped aside after the 1731 fracas but it is more likely that he terminated the Duke of Richmond's XI after he broke his leg in 1733 and could no longer play himself.^[19] Instead, he channelled his enthusiasm for cricket through a team from the small village of Slindon, which bordered on his Goodwood estate.^[19]

Slindon

The rise to fame of Slindon Cricket Club was based on the play of Richard Newland and the patronage of Richmond. On Thursday, 9 July 1741, in a letter to her husband, the Duchess of Richmond mentions a conversation with John Newland re a Slindon v East Dean match at Long Down, near Eartham, a week earlier. This is the earliest recorded mention of any of the Newland family. Then, on 28 July, Richmond sent two letters to the Duke of Newcastle to tell him about a game that day which had resulted in a brawl with "hearty blows" and "broken heads". The game was at Portslade between Slindon, who won, and unnamed opponents.^[5]

On Monday 7 September 1741, Slindon played Surrey at Merrow Down, near Guildford. Richmond, in a letter to the Duke of Newcastle before the game, spoke of "poor little Slyndon against almost your whole county of Surrey". Next day he wrote again, saying that "wee (sic) have beat Surrey almost in one innings".^[20]

Duchess Sarah wrote to him on Wednesday 9 September and said she "wish'd..... that the Sussex mobb (sic) had thrash'd the Surrey mob". She had "a grudge to those fellows ever since they mob'd you" (apparently a reference to the Richmond Green fiasco in August 1731). She then said she wished the Duke "had won more of their moneys".^[20]

In 1744, Richmond created what is now the world's oldest known scorecard for the match between London and Slindon at the Artillery Ground on 2 June. Slindon won by 55 runs and the original scorecard is now among Richmond's papers in the possession of the West Sussex Records Office.^[21]

In August 1745, Richmond backed a Sussex XI against Surrey in a match at Berry Hill, near Arundel. It appears that Surrey won the game in view of a comment made by Lord John Philip Sackville in a letter to Richmond dated Saturday 14 September: "I wish you had let Ridgeway play instead of your stopper behind it might have turned the match in our favour".^[22]

Single wicket

When single wicket became the dominant form of cricket in the late 1740s, Richmond entered a number of teams mostly centred on Stephen Dingate, who was in his employ at the time. For example, a number of matches were played by a "threes" team of Dingate, Joseph Rudd and Pye. Richmond often found himself opposed by his former groom Thomas Waymark, still an outstanding player but now resident in Berkshire.^[5]

Richmond died on 8 August 1750. He had been arguably the greatest of the game's early patrons, particularly of the Slindon club and of Sussex cricket in general. His death was followed by an immediate slump in the fortunes of Sussex cricket and it was not until 1766 that a recovery could be discerned.^[5]

Career in the peerage

Richmond held many titles including Order of the Garter (KG), Order of the Bath (KCB), Privy Counsellor (PC) and Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS).

He served as Lord of the Bedchamber to King George II from 1727 and, in 1735, he was appointed Master of the Horse.

He was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society on 6 February 1724.^[23] Later that year, he followed his father, the 1st Duke, into freemasonry and was an early Grand Master Mason shortly after the formation of the Premier Grand Lodge of England. His father had been a master mason in Chichester in 1696.

Richmond was one of the founding Governors of London's Foundling Hospital, which received its Royal Charter from George II in 1739. The Foundling Hospital was a charity dedicated to saving London's abandoned children. Both the Duke and the Duchess took great interest in the project. The Duke attended committee meetings and both took part in the baptism and naming of the first children accepted by the hospital in March 1741.

Richmond was a Lieutenant-General in the British Army and served under the notorious Duke of Cumberland in the Hanoverian campaign against the 1745 Jacobite Rising.

Marriage and issue

Richmond married Lady Sarah Cadogan (1705–1751), daughter of William Cadogan, 1st Earl Cadogan, on 4 December 1719 at The Hague, Netherlands. They had twelve children:

• Lady Georgiana Carolina Lennox (27 March 1723 – 24 July 1774), married Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland, and had issue.
• Lord Charles Lennox (3 September 1724 – 1724), Earl of March.
• Lady Louisa Margaret Lennox (15 November 1725 – May 1728).
• Lady Anne Lennox (27 May 1726 – 1727).
• Lord Charles Lennox (9 September 1730 – November 1730), Earl of March.
• Lady Emilia Mary Lennox (6 October 1731 – 27 March 1814), married first James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster, and had issue; and secondly William Ogilivie and had issue.
• Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond (22 February 1735 – 29 December 1806).
• Lord George Lennox (29 November 1737 – 25 March 1805), General.
• Lady Margaret Lennox (16 November 1739 – 10 January 1741).
• Lady Louisa Augusta Lennox (24 November 1743 – 1821), married Thomas Connolly but had no issue.
• Lady Sarah Lennox (14 February 1745 – August 1826), married first Sir Charles Bunbury, 6th Baronet, and had issue (although not by her husband, but by Lord William Gordon); and secondly George Napier by whom she had issue.
• Lady Cecilia Lennox (28 February 1750 – 21 November 1769).

Richmond died on 8 August 1750 at Godalming and is buried in Chichester Cathedral. His wife Sarah survived him by only one year.

References

1. ^ Marshall, p. 1.
2. ^ Marshall, pp. 7-17.
3. ^ Marshall, pp. 18-20.
4. ^ Marshall, pp. 24-25.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} From Lads to Lord's. Retrieved on 17 July 2009.
6. ^ Underdown, p. 53.
7. ^ Birley, p. 18.
8. ^ McCann, p. 4
9. ^ Marshall, p. 41.
10. ^ McCann, pp. 6-7.
11. ^ Birley, pp. 18-19.
12. ^ Birley, p. 19.
13. ^ Waghorn, p. 7.
14. ^ Waghorn, p. 1.
15. ^ Waghorn, pp. 1-2.
16. ^ Buckley, p. 6.
17. ^ McCann, pp. 12-13.
18. ^ Buckley, p. 7.
19. ^ ^{a b} McCann, p. lxi.
20. ^ ^{a b} McCann, p. 20.
21. ^ CricketArchive – match scorecard
22. ^ McCann, pp. 34-35.
23. ^ "Lists of Royal Society Fellows". http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/page.asp?id=1727. Retrieved 2006-12-15. 

External links

• Genealogics
• From Lads to Lord's – The History of Cricket: 1300–1787
• Lennox, Charles, Duke of Richmond, Lennox, and Aubigny in Venn, J. & J. A., Alumni Cantabrigienses, Cambridge University Press, 10 vols, 1922–1958.

Bibliography

• R. H. Nichols and F. A. Wray, The History of the Foundling Hospital (London: Oxford University Press, 1935).
• Tillyard, Stella, Aristocrats: Caroline, Emily, Louisa, and Sarah Lennox, 1740-1832. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1994.
• Harry Altham, A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914), George Allen & Unwin, 1926.
• Derek Birley, A Social History of English Cricket, Aurum, 1999.
• Rowland Bowen, Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1970.
• G. B. Buckley, Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket, Cotterell, 1935.
• John Marshall, The Duke who was Cricket, Muller, 1961.
• Timothy J. McCann, Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century, Sussex Record Society, 2004.
• David Underdown, Start of Play, Allen Lane, 2000.
• H. T. Waghorn, The Dawn of Cricket, Electric Press, 1906.

Parliament of Great Britain
Preceded by Sir Thomas Miller Henry Kelsall	Member of Parliament for Member for Chichester 1722–1723 With: Sir Thomas Miller	Succeeded by Sir Thomas Miller Lord William Beauclerk
Military offices
Preceded by The Duke of Somerset	Colonel of the Royal Horse Guards 1750	Vacant Title next held by Sir John Ligonier
Masonic offices
Preceded by The Duke of Buccleuch	Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge of England 1724–1725	Succeeded by Lord Paisley
Political offices
Preceded by The Earl of Scarbrough	Master of the Horse 1735–1750	Succeeded by Vacant
Peerage of England
Preceded by Charles Lennox	Duke of Richmond 3rd creation 1723–1750	Succeeded by Charles Lennox
Peerage of Scotland
Preceded by Charles Lennox	Duke of Lennox 2nd creation 1723–1750	Succeeded by Charles Lennox
French nobility
Preceded by Charles Lennox	Duke of Aubigny 1723–1734	Succeeded by Charles Lennox

Persondata
Name	Richmond, Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke Of
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	18 May 1701
Place of birth
Date of death	8 August 1750
Place of death