Timeline of music in the United States (1820 - 1849)

This is a timeline of music in the United States from 1820 to 1849.__NOTOC__

1820

*Anthony Philip Heinrich publishes a set of instrumental and vocal pieces, "The Dawning of Music in Kentucky", his first published work in a long series that will make him the "chief composer of orchestral music" of the era. [Crawford, pg. 314] [Chase, pg. 270]
*"The Euterpeiad", published in Boston by the Franklin Music Warehouse (one of the first music stores in the country), becomes the first periodical entirely about music in the United States. [Elson, pg. 44]

1829

*George Washington Dixon, a blackface performer, introduces a popular song, "Coal Black Rose", which is said to be the first blackface comic love song. [Chase, pg. 233]
*Henry E. Moore leads the first singing school conventions, for singing masters, in Concord, New Hampshire and other areas. [Birge, pg. 18]

1830

*"Approximate": Lowell Mason forms the earliest known formal singing school for children. The school is free.Crawford, pg. 147]
*The first documented reference to a performance that is a "definitive account" of spirituals. [Darden, pg. 67]
*General Winfield Scott heads a board to prepare a tactics manual, which provides a place for musicians in the regimental order of battle. The manual also contains the musical signals used by Army musicians. [http://bands.army.mil/history/default.asp?chapter=9 U.S. Army Bands] ]

1831

*Anthony Philip Heinrich composes "Pushmataha, a Venerable Chief of a Western Tribe of Indians"; this has been called the influential composer's artistic peak, and is also when Heinrich became the first "American composer to celebrate the customs of North America's native peoples". [Crawford, pg. 317]
*American copyright law recognizes music "as a form of culture that required systemic protection".Sanjek, David and Will Straw, "The Music Industry", pgs. 256 - 267, in the "Garland Encyclopedia of World Music"]
*Elizabeth Austin, an English singing star, stars in the premier of Michael Rophino Lacy's "Cinderella, or the Fairy and the Little Glass Slipper", which made her a household name across much of the United States. [Crawford, pg. 185-186]
*Joshua Leavitt, a Congregationalist minister (and later a prominent abolitionist publisher), publishes "The Christian Lyre", the "first American tunebook to take the form of a modern hymnal, with music for every hymn (melody and bass only) and the multistanza hymns printed in full, under or beside the music. "The Christian Lyre" and this year's "Spiritual Songs for Social Worship", compiled by Thomas Hastings and Lowell Mason, were widely adopted tunebooks in the 1830s New England Revivalism movement. [Crawford, pg. 169]
*Nat Turner's slave rebellion fails; the song "Steal Away", which may have been written by Turner himself, is sung during the rebellion, and it becomes one of the major songs of the spiritual tradition. Only much later does mainstream American discover that the song contains coded references to secret religious meetings. [Darden, pgs. 81-82]

*Lowell Mason begins teaching singing, without pay, in Boston's public schools, becoming the first to teach music there.Blum, Stephen. "Sources, Scholarship and Historiography" in the "Garland Encyclopedia of World Music", pgs. 21-37] [Burk, Meierhoff and Phillips, pg. 168] The local school board had already authorized the teaching of music, but hadn't allocated any funds for the subject. Mason's volunteer teaching constitutes the beginning of music education in American public schools. Later in the year, music is introducted to the public school system of Buffalo, New York.
*Chickering patents the first of several technical innovations that will make that firm the most important manufacturer of pianos in the country. [Elson, pg. 45]
*The Shakers begin a revival, which produces a large body of songs that endure as part of their canon, including songs said to be received from the spirits of famous leaders, Native Americans and others. [Chase, pg. 208]
*African American ensemble Francis Johnson's Orchestra becomes the first American groups to travel to Europe. [cite book|title=The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World|chapter=Tour|pages=567-568|first=Dave|last=Laing|coauthors=John Shepherd]
*The first sheet music with a full color illustrated front cover is published. [cite book|title=The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music|chapter=Sheet Music|pages=599-605|first=David|last=Horn|coauthors=David Sanjek]

1838

*Francis Johnson presents the country's first promenade concert in Philadelphia. [Southern, pg. 109]
*Encouraged by the success of Lowell Mason's experiment in volunteer singing instruction, the Boston school board declares music a school subject and hires Mason as Superintendent of Music. Mason is the first person in the country to serve in that position for a public school system. [Chase, pg. 133] This is the beginning of music education in public schools in the United States. [Birge, pg. 1]
*The Marigny Theater opens in New Orleans to cater to free African American audiences, banning both whites and slaves, and producing light French comedies and musical shows.cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=Musical Theater|last=Riis|first=Thomas L.|pages=614-623]
*The Richmond Theater, the premier concert stage in the city, is renovated and renamed the "Marshall Theater". [Abel, pg. 239]
*Allen Dodworth patents horns worn over-the-shoulder to project the sound behind the performer. This is intended for use in military contexts, and leads to military bands becoming almost exclusively brass bands.

1839

*The Rainer family emigrates to the United States, beginning a craze for a new style of "public popular music performance... based on the four-part glee".Cockrell, Dale and Andrew M. Zinck, "Popular Music of the Parlor and Stage", pgs. 179 - 201, in the "Garland Encyclopedia of World Music"]
*William Henry Harrison's presidential campaign becomes the first to use music and campaign songs as an integral part of its strategy.Cornelius, Steven, Charlotte J. Frisbie and John Shepherd, "Snapshot: Four Views of Music, Government, and Politics", pgs. 304 - 319, in the "Garland Encyclopedia of World Music"]

1840

*The Theatre de la Renaissance opens in New Orleans, with members of the local Negro Philharmonic in the orchestra, offering full-length plays, variety shows and other productions, intended for African American audiences.

1841

*Justin Miner Holland becomes the first "professional black musician" to study at Oberlin College, one of very few colleges to accept African Americans prior to the Civil War.cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=Concert Music|last=Wright|first=Jacqueline R. B.|pages=603-613]
*Lowell Mason's collection of Christian songs, "Carmina Sacra", sells a record 500,000 copies between its release this year and 1858. [Chase, pg. 131]
*Ludwig van Beethoven's "Symphony No. 1" is performed for the first time in Boston, indicating a growing acceptance for the work of European composers, led by the likes of music critic John Sullivan Dwight [Crawford, pg. 302]
*William B. Bradbury, an organist and choir leader in a Baptist church in New York, publishes "The Young Choir", a highly successful tunebook aimed at Sunday schools. [Crawford, pg. 152] He will become one of the most popular publishers of church music of the era. [Chase, pg. 143]
*The number of musicians in an Army band is increased from 10 to 12.
*The African Methodist Episcopal Church in Bethel, Pennsylvania becomes the first in the country to introduce choral singing. [Southern, pg. 128] The national conference of the Church passes a resolution to "strenuously oppose" the use of hymns with refrains, added to the standard pieces, which were introduced by African Americans to the texts. [Southern, pg. 180]
*The first production of "Norma" by Vincenzo Bellini in the country, at the Chesnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia, adapted by Joseph Fry. [Chase, pg. 305]
*Music education is introduced into the public school system of Chicago.

1842

*Singing is a common activity at the newly-founded Convent of the Holy Family, the first convent for African American women. [Southern, pg. 132]
*E. P. Christy presents a show in Buffalo, New York that may be considered the first minstrel show, though the Virginia Minstrels' performance the following year had a grander impact. [Chase, pg. 237] [Crawford, pg. 212]
*The Hutchinson Family Singers are joined by eleven-year-old Abby Hutchison, the first female member, and the group begin performing across the United States, becoming some of the first performers to make social causes, such as abstaining from alcohol and abolitionism, a part of their concerts and their image. [Crawford, pgs. 255-257] [Chase, pg. 162]
*Master Juba, an African American performer, is described as the "greatest dancer known" by Charles Dickens. He is one of the first blacks to perform onstage for white audiences. [Southern, pg. 94] He is the first popular African American to perform in blackface. [Upkopodu, pg.]
*The term "minstrelsy" begins to be used to describe blackface entertainment. [Darden, pg. 121]
*The oldest professional orchestra in the United States, the New York Philharmonic Society, [Southern, pg. 99] forms as a cooperative venture among performers. Among the performers at the first concert is Anthony Philip Heinrich. [Crawford, pg. 304] [Burk, Meierhoff and Phillips, pg. 165] cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=Overview of Music in the United States|last=Kearns|first=Williams|pages=519-553]

1843

*The Hutchinson Family Singers have become the "best known and most influential musicians in the United States".
*Joshua V. Himes, a leader of the apocalyptic Millennialist movement, publishes "The Millennial Harp", which will become a major part of music for the Millennialist and their successors, the Seventh-day Adventists. [Chase, pg. 202]
*Michael William Balfe composes "The Bohemian Girl", which incorporates Italian operatic idioms and is received in the United States with "great acclaim". The aria "I Dreamt That I Dwelt in Marble Halls" becomes particularly popular.
*The first historically notable compilation of Shaker music is published, "A Short Abridgement of the Rules of Music", by Isaac N. Young.
*The Steinway family open up a piano-making business, Steinway & Sons, in New York. [Abel, pg. 140]
*Performances in New York and Boston by the Virginia Minstrels herald the beginning of the American minstrel show tradition.Crawford, pg. 203] [Darden, pg. 122] [Chase, pg. 233] They present the first minstrel show with all the characteristics now associated with, thereby establishing that as the most popular form of musical theater in the 19th century. [Southern, pg. 92] This is, for most northern whites, their first exposure to African American music.Cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=Overview|last=Maultsby|first=Portia K.|coauthors=Mellonee V. Burnin and Susan Oehler|pages=572-591] cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=English and Scottish Music|last=Goertzen|first=Christopher|pages=831-841] [Erbsen, pg. 16] [Southern, pg. 62] [Burnim and Maultsby, pg. 9] Music historian David Wondrich called the Virginia Minstrels the first band perceived as truly American, playing music of a distinctly American style. [Wondrich, pg. 22]
*Music education is first introduced into the public school system of Buffalo, New York.Birge, pg. 65, citing Francis M. Dickey's "The Early History of Public School Music in the United States"]

1844

*Benjamin Franklin White and Elisha J. King publish "The Sacred Harp", a collection of old American songs, and one of the greatest commercial successes in music publishing; the book remains in print as of 2001. It will be the most influential and longest-lasting shape-note tunebook in American history. [Chase, pg. 174]
*"The Blue Juniata" by Marion Dix Sullivan is one "of the most popular parlor songs of the (19th century and) the first composition by an American woman to become a commercial hit song".Chase, pg. 160, cites cite book|last=Tick|first=Judith|title=American Woman Composers Before 1870|pages=146]
*The polka is introduced to the United States at a theater in New York. [Crawford, pg. 238]
*Stephen Foster publishes his first song, "Open Thy Lattice, Love", through George Willig in Philadelphia (words by George Pope Morris); he will go on to become the most successful songwriter of the 19th century. [Chase, pg. 251]
[
thumb|right|Stephen Foster]
*Music education is first introduced into the public school system of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, New Orleans, Louisiana and Louisville, Kentucky.
*The African American Master Juba defeats a renowned dancing master in a contest promoted by P. T. Barnum. Juba is considered one of the major innovators of black dancing, especially tap dancing. [Clarke, pg. 22]

1845

*"Wake, Lady Mine" is written, by Augusta Browne; it will become one of her most renowned songs, and will establish her career as the most prolific American female composer of the era.
*Henry Rowe Schoolcraft publishes "Onéota, or Characteristics of the Red Race of America", one of the first publications to include a Native American song, specifically one called "Death Song" and collected from the Ojibwa. It is published without music. [Crawford, pg. 391]
*Justin Miner Holland, a freeborn African American, begins his composing career and opens a studio in Cleveland; he was, perhaps, the first black composer whose "African roots... played little or no role in his professional life". [Crawford, pg. 428]
*Music education is first introduced into the public school systems of Cincinnati, Ohio and Washington, D.C..
*The growing Anglo-Texan population declares independence from Mexico, leading to Tejano music becoming distinct from other regional styles of Mexican music as Tejano identity becomes more pronounced than Mexican among Texans of Spanish descent.cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=Tejano Music|last=Reyna|first=José R.|pages=770-782]
*Thomas Commuck, with Thomas Hastings, publishes "Indian Melodies... Harmonized by Thomas Hastings", a collection of hymns which uses Native American names and other details in the lyrics, an unusual practice for the time. [Chase, pg. 144]
*W. C. Peters and Son is founded, soon becoming the largest music publishing firm in the Midwest. [Snell and Kelley, pg. 31]
*William Henry Fry's "Leonora" is the first grand opera by an American-born composer to "receive wide-ranging publicity and reviews".Kirk, pg. 386]

1846

*Musical activity in the Catholic missions of California cease, the result of Mexican secularization and selling, which began in 1833.
*Christy's Minstrels of Buffalo, New York, settle in New York City and become one of the most popular minstrel troupes in the city.Crawford, pg. 212]
*Music education is first introduced into the public school system of Cincinnati, Ohio.
*Jesse B. Aiden's "The Christian Minstrel" firmly establishes "shape-note singing as an important factor in the growth and popularity of what would later be called gospel music".Erbsen, pg. 21] It is also the most enduring system of seven-syllable shape-note transcription in the United States. [Chase, pg. 182]
*Master Juba, a popular African American performer on the musical stage, becomes the first black member of a white performing troupe when he joins Charley White's minstrel show as a dancer and tambourine player. [Crawford, pg. 425]
*"The Negro Singer's Own Book" is the first published "collection of purely African American songs". [Southern, pg. 16]
*Russel Haskell's "A Musical Expositor" is a major publication of Shaker music.Rycenga, Jennifer, Denise A. Seachrist and Elaine Keillor, "Snapshot: Three Views of Music and Religion", pgs. 129 - 139, in the "Garland Encyclopedia of World Music"]
*New York's Trinity Church completes the construction of an organ, which is the largest organ in the country, reflecting the growing importance of the organ in American life. [Crawford, pg. 298]
*The Mexican-American War begins. Bandsmen will be employed in nonmusical capacities, such as stretcher carriers and messengers, and many musicians will not perform at all during the entire war.

1847

*Stephen Foster's "Oh! Susanna" is published; it becomes immensely successful around the world, [Chase, pg. 252] and is characteristic of the minstrel stage; it is "musically derived from the Anglo-American fiddle tune repertoire (and) adds an additional measure of rhythmic excitement and places greater emphasis on the refrain".
*German immigration to the United States begins to shift from religious refugees to political exiles, following a revolution in Germany.cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=Central European Music|last=Levy|first=Mark|pages=884-903]
*A collection of traditional church songs, "Ancient Harmony Revival", becomes popular, providing momentum for a movement away from the modernized songs popularized by Lowell Mason and others. [Chase, pg. 135]
*Army bands are increased in size from 12 to 16. Regulations also require bands to be mustered in a separate squad, a precedent that leads to the modern practice of setting the band apart from the unit entirely.

1848

*An African Methodist Episcopal church in Baltimore becomes the first in the country to introduce instrumental music. [Southern, pg. 129]
*Charles Aiken of Cincinnati publishes pioneering books for the education in music of elementary school-age children, before such children were commonly taught music.
*The California Gold Rush begins, bringing many new and diverse peoples and their musics to California, which had been dominated by the music of the region's Mexican inhabitants. [Burk, Meierhoff and Phillips, pg. 177] cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=Hispanic California|last=Loza|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Loza|pages=734-753]
*Charles Lyell, a visitor to the Sea Islands, gives one of the earliest descriptions of an African American ring shout. [Darden, pg. 45]
*The Germania Musical Society, which debuts in New York in 1848, is the most prominent of several German orchestras that tour the United States, bringing new popularity to performances by Classical and Romantic composers. [Crawford, pgs. 283-284]
*Elder Joseph Brackett of the Shakers composes "Simple Gifts", the tune of which will later be used in Aaron Copland and Martha Graham's "Appalachian Spring".
*Marcus Lafayette publishes "The Harp of Columbia" in Knoxville, using the European shape-note system, consisting of seven syllables rather than the more common four in North America. [Chase, pg. 182]
*Peter O'Fake conducts the orchestra of the Newark Theatre, an "unprecedented activity for a black man". [Southern, pg. 111]
*Music education is first introduced into the public school system of Chicago, Illinois, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Providence, Rhode Island.
*An article titled "Music Among the Deaf and Dumb", by william Wolcott Turner and David Ely Bartlett, published in the "American Annals of the Deaf and Dumb", is the first to advocate music education for the hearing impaired. [Darrow and Heller, pg. 270]

1849

*The first substantial wave of Chinese immigration to the United States begins, inspired by the California Gold Rush. The vast majority of these immigrants are from the coastal southern region of Guangdong; as a result, the dominant forms of Chinese-American music will remain Cantonese opera and other folk songs, as well as the Taishan tradition of "muyulmuk'yu song.cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=Chinese Music|last=Zheng|first=Su|pages=957-966]
*The German-American musician Hermann Kotzschmar moves to Portland, Maine; he will play a major role in that city's musical life, and make it a "thriving music center". [Chase, pg. 342]
*Louis Moreau Gottschalk, then living in Paris, composes "Bamboula", "La savane", "Le bananier" and "Le mancenillier", all based on American melodies; these works helped establish Gottschalk as a "musical representative of the Old World in the New". [Crawford, pg. 334] He will become the "first American concert artist and composer to achieve international renown". [Southern, pg. 267]
*The ethnic music festival, "Saengerfest", is first held around Cincinnati, Ohio and Louisville, Kentucky. Later known as the Cincinnati May Festival, it will become a major regional event.
*Stephen Foster writes "Nelly Was a Lady", the first American song to treat an African American woman as a lady worthy of respect. [Snell and Kelley, pg. 45]
*William Wells Brown' "The Anti-Slavery Hope" is a notable collection of most of the abolitionist songs in circulation at the time. [Southern, pg. 141]
*A conflict between the supporters of a British and an American Shakespearean actor leads to the Astor Place Riots in New York City. Popular music historian Donald Clarke calls this a major turning point in American music history, marking the beginning of a split between highbrow and lowbrow entertainment and the beginning of specialized performances rather than pastiches and melodramas attempting to appeal to all consumers. [Clarke, pg. 17, Clarke notes that the "British thespian was seen to represent an aristocratic elitism."]

References

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Notes