Clodius Albinus

Clodius Albinus
Usurper of the Roman Empire
Full name	Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus
Born	ca. 150
Died	February 19, 197(197-02-19) aged 46 - 47
Place of death	Lugdunum
Dynasty	None

Year of the Five Emperors – 193
Pertinax Didius Julianus Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus and Septimius Severus
v · d · e

For others with this cognomen, see Albinus (cognomen).

Clodius Albinus (Latin: Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus;^[1] ca. 150 – February 19, 197) was a Roman usurper proclaimed emperor by the legions in Britain and Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula, comprising modern Spain and Portugal) upon the murder of Pertinax in 193.^[2]

Life

Albinus was born into an aristocratic family at Hadrumetum in Africa. According to his father, he received the name of Albinus because of the extraordinary whiteness of his body.^[3] Showing great disposition for a military life, he entered the army at an early age and served with great distinction, especially during the rebellion of Avidius Cassius against the Emperor Marcus Aurelius in 175. His merits were acknowledged by the Emperor in two letters in which he calls Albinus an African, who resembled his countrymen but little, and who was praiseworthy for his military experience and the gravity of his character.^[3] The Emperor likewise declared that without Albinus the legions (in Bithynia) would have gone over to Avidius Cassius, and that he intended to have him chosen consul.^[4]

The Emperor Commodus gave Albinus a command in Gallia Belgica and afterwards in Britain. A false rumor having been spread that Commodus had died, Albinus denounced the man before his soldiers in Britain, calling Commodus a tyrant, and maintaining that it would be useful to the Roman Empire to restore to the senate its ancient dignity and power. The Senate was very pleased with these sentiments, but not so the Emperor, who sent Junius Severus to relieve Albinus of his command. At this time Albinus must have been a very distinguished man, which we may conclude from the fact that some time before Commodus had offered him the title of Caesar, which he declined. Notwithstanding the appointment of Junius Severus as his successor, Albinus kept his command until after the murders of Commodus and his successor Pertinax in 193.

After Pertinax was assassinated, the praetorian prefect Aemilius Laetus and his men, who had arranged the murder, "sold" the imperial throne to wealthy senator Didius Julianus, effectively crowning him emperor, but a string of mutinies from the troops in the provinces meant the next Emperor was far from decided. Immediately afterwards, Pescennius Niger was proclaimed Emperor by the legions in Syria; Septimius Severus by the troops in Illyricum and Pannonia; and Albinus by the armies in Britain and Gaul.

In the civil war that followed, Albinus was initially allied with Septimius Severus, who had captured Rome, took his own name Septimius and accepted the title of Caesar from him; the two shared a consulship in 194. Albinus remained effective ruler of much of the western part of the Empire with support from three British legions and one Spanish.^[5] When Didius Julianus was put to death by order of the Senate, who dreaded the power of Septimius Severus, the latter turned his arms against Pescennius Niger. After the defeat and death of Niger in 194, and the complete discomfiture of his adherents, especially after the fall of Byzantium in 196, Severus resolved to make himself the absolute master of the Roman Empire. Albinus seeing the danger of his position, prepared for resistance. He narrowly escaped being assassinated by a messenger of Severus, after which he put himself at the head of his army, which is said to have consisted of 150,000 men.^[3]

Albinus declares himself emperor

Coin of Clodius Albinus^[6]

In autumn 196, Albinus proclaimed himself Emperor (Imperator Caesar Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus), crossed from Britain to Gaul, bringing a large part of the British garrison with him.^[7] He defeated Severus' legate, Virius Lupus, and was able to lay claim to the military resources of Gaul. And although he made Lugdunum the headquarters of his forces, he was unable to win the allegiance of the Rhine legions.^[2]

On February 19, 197, Albinus met Severus' army at the Battle of Lugdunum.^[8] After a hard-fought battle, with 150,000 troops on either side recorded by Dio Cassius, Albinus was defeated and killed himself, or was captured and executed on the orders of Severus.^[9] Severus had his naked body laid out on the ground before him, so that he could ride his horse over it, in a final act of humiliation. If Albinus' wife and sons were initially pardoned by Severus, he appeared to almost immediately afterwards change his mind again. For as the dead Albinus was beheaded, so were they. Albinus' headless body was thrown into the Rhine, together with the corpses of his murdered family. His body was ill treated by Severus, who sent his head to Rome as a warning to his supporters. With it he sent an insolent letter, in which he mocked the senate for their loyalty to Albinus. The town of Lugdunum was plundered and destroyed, and the adherents of Albinus were cruelly persecuted by Severus.

Albinus was a man of great bodily beauty and strength; he was an experienced general; a skillful gladiator; a severe, and often cruel commander; and he has been called the Catiline of his time. He had one son, or perhaps two, who were executed with their mother, by order of Severus. It is said that he wrote a treatise on agriculture, and a collection of stories, called Milesian.^[10][11]

Notes

1. ^ In Classical Latin, Albinus' name would be inscribed as DECIMVS CLODIVS SEPTIMIVS ALBINVS AVGVSTVS.
2. ^ ^{a b} Birley, Anthony R. (1996), "Clodius Septimius Albinus, Decimus", in Hornblower, Simon, Oxford Classical Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press 
3. ^ ^{a b c} Capitolinus, Clodius Albinus 4-10
4. ^ Plate, William (1867), "Albinus, Clodius", in Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 1, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, pp. 93–94, http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0102.html 
5. ^ The British legions were II Augusta, VI Victrix, and XX Valeria Victrix, the Spanish legion was the VII Gemina.
6. ^ This coin celebrates Saeculum Frugiferum, the embodiment of a "fruitful era", probably Ba`al Hammon, a Phoenician divinity worshipped in North Africa, where Clodius came from.
7. ^ Indeed, he stripped Britain of every available soldier, which meant that Severus' new administration had to deal with several rebellions, including those of the Maeatae.
8. ^ Spartianus, Severus 11
9. ^ Collingwood, Robin George; Myres, John Nowell Linton (1998), "Severeus and Albinus", Roman Britain and English Settlements, Biblo & Tannen Publishers, p. 155, ISBN 9780819611604, http://books.google.com/books?id=fMcbnMFn8lcC&pg=PA155&cd=1#v=onepage&f=false, retrieved January 27, 2009 
10. ^ Cassius Dio, lxx. 4—7
11. ^ Herodian, ii. 15, iii. 5—7

External links

• Livius.org: Decimus Clodius Albinus
• James Grout: D. Clodius Albinus, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
• Albinus coinage

Political offices
Preceded by Publius Helvius Pertinax	Roman governors of Britain 191–197	Succeeded by Virius Lupus
Preceded by Lucius Fabius Cilo , Marcus Silius Messala	Consul of the Roman Empire 194 with Septimius Severus	Succeeded by Publius Julius Scapula Tertullus Priscus, Gaius Cassius Regallianus
Regnal titles
Preceded by Didius Julianus	Roman Emperor 193 in competition with Pescennius Niger and Septimius Severus	Succeeded by Septimius Severus

Persondata
Name	Albinus, Clodius
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	150
Place of birth
Date of death	February 19, 197
Place of death	Lugdunum