Ankhesenamen

Born as Ankhesenpaaten (c. 1348 – after 1324 B.C.) and later renamed, Ankhesenamen, which means. "She who lives through the Amun", was the third of six known daughters of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten and his Great Royal Wife Nefertiti.cite book|first=Aidan|last=Dodson|coauthor=Dyan Hilton|title=The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2004|pages=p.148] The change in her name reflects the changes in Ancient Egyptian religion during her lifetime after her father's death. Her youth is well documented in the ancient reliefs and paintings of the reign of her parents.

She was probably born in year 4 of Akhenaten's reign and by year 12 of her father's reign she was joined by her three younger sisters. He made his wife his co-regent and had his family portrayed in a realistic style in all official artwork.

Ankhesenamen was definitely married to one king -- she was the Great Royal Wife of pharaoh Tutankhamun (who may have been her half-brother). It is also possible that she was briefly married to Tutankhamun's successor, Ay.cite book|title=Ancient Egyptian Queens; a hieroglyphic dictionary|first=Wolfram|last=Grajetzki|year=2000|location=London|publisher=Golden House|pages=p.64] It has also been posited that she may have been the great royal wife of her father, Akhenaten, after the possible death of her mother and co-regent of Akhenaten's immediate successor, Smenkhkare, who now is thought to have been a woman.

Early life

Ankhesenpaaten was born in a time when Egypt was in transition (c. 1348 BC). Her father had abandoned the old deities of Egypt in favor of the Aten, a minor sun-god who was the physical Sun Disk.

She is believed to have been born in Waset (present-day Thebes), but probably grew up in her father's new capital city of Akhetaten (present-day Amarna). The three eldest daughters – Meritaten, Meketaten, and Ankhesenpaaten – became the "Senior Princesses" and participated in many functions of the government and religion.

Later life

She is believed to have been married first to her own father, [cite book|last=Reeves|first=Nicholas|year=2001)|title=Akhenaten: Egypt's False Prophet"|publisher=Thames and Hudson] and is thought to have been the mother of the princess Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit (possibly by her father or by Smenkhkare) when she was twelve, although the parentage is unclear.

After her father's death and a presumed short marriage to Smenkhkare, she became the wife of Tutankamun. Following their marriage, the couple honored the deities of the restored religion by changing their names to Tutankhamen and Ankhesenamen.cite web|url=http://euler.slu.edu/Dept/Faculty/bart/egyptianhtml/kings%20and%20Queens/Ankhesenamun.html|title=Queen Ankhesenamen|publisher=Saint Louis University] The couple appear to have had two stillborn daughters, although there is no evidence of their relationship to the remains found in Tutankhamun's tomb. Some time in the ninth year of his reign, at about the age of eighteen, Tutankhamen died suddenly leaving Ankhesenamen alone without an heir at about age twenty-one.

A ring shows that Ankhesenamen married Ay, shortly before she disappeared from history, although no monuments show her as a royal consort.cite book|first=Aidan|last=Dodson|coauthor=Dyan Hilton|title=The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2004|pages=p.153] On the walls of Ay's tomb it is Tey (Ay's senior wife), not Ankhesenamen, who appears as queen. She probably died during or shortly after his reign and as of yet no burial has been found for her.

The Hittite Letters

A document was found in the ancient Hittite capital of Hattusa which dates to the Amarna period. It was addressed to the Hittite king, Suppiluliuma I, and reads;

"My husband has died and I have no son. They say about you that you have many sons. You might give me one of your sons to become my husband. I would not wish to take one of my subjects as a husband... I am afraid."cite web|url=http://www.suziemanley.com/famous_egyptians/ankhesenamen.htm|title=Ankhesenamun - Queen of Tutankhamun and Daughter of Akhenaten|author=suziemanley|work=Egypt * Pyramids * History]

This document is extraordinary, Egyptians traditionally considered foreigners to be inferior. Understandably, Suppiluliuma I was wary and had an envoy investigate, but by so doing, he missed his chance to bring Egypt into his empire. He eventually did send one of his sons, Zannanza, but the prince was murdered en route.cite book|pages=p.254|author=Amelie Kuhrt|title=The Ancient Middle East c. 3000 – 330 BC|volume=1|date=1997|publisher=Routledge|location=London]

The identity of the queen who wrote the letter is uncertain, she is called Dakhamunzu in the Hittite annuals, a possible translation of the Egyptian title "Tahemetnesu" (The King's Wife). [cite web|title=Towards an Absolute Chronology for Ancient Egypt|pages=p.5|author=William McMurray|format=pdf|url=http://www.egiptomania.com/EEF/ACAE1.pdf] Possible candidates are Nefertiti, Meritaten, and Ankhesenamen. Ankhesenamen seems more likely since there were no candidates for the throne on the death of her husband, Tutankhamen, whereas Akhenaten had at least two legitimate successors. Furthermore, the phrase regarding marriage to 'one of my subjects' (translated by some as 'servants') is most likely a reference to the Grand Vizier Ay [Christine El Mahdy (2001), "Tutankhamun" (St Griffin's Press)] who was pressuring the young widow to marry him and legitimise his claim to the throne of Egypt (which she eventually did). This also might explain why she describes herself as 'afraid', especially considering the popular (but not universally accepted) theory that Ay had a hand in her husband's death. [Brier Bob (1999) "The Murder of Tutankhamen" (Berkeley Trade)] Recent scientific evidence indicates that Tutankhamun died of gangrene following a broken leg.

KV 63

After excavating the tomb KV63 it is a theory that it was designed for Ankhesenamen due to the location which is very close to KV62 which is Tutankhamun's tomb.Fact|date=January 2008 Also found in the tomb were coffins (one with an imprint of a woman on it), womans clothing, jewellery and natron , also fragments of pottery bearing the partial name Paaten. The only royal person known to bear this name was Ankhesenamen whose name was originally Ankhesenpaaten. However there were no mummies found in KV 63 so it remains just a theory.

Appearances in contemporary fiction

She is the main character in Christian Jacq's novel "La reine soleil", and in "The Lost Queen of Egypt", by Lucile Morrison.

She appears in the Japanese manga series "Red River" by Chie Shinohara. This appearance is in relation to the Hittite Letters event.

She appears in the novel "Nefertiti" by Michelle Moran, as the third of her six daughters.

She is the main character in the novel "Tutankhamun and the Daughter of Ra" by Moyra Caldecott.

She appears in the 1999 film "The Mummy" as the mistress of Seti the first. She has an affair with Seti's High priest Imhotep, who murders the Pharaoh. Ankhesenamen commits suicide rather than be punished for her affair. She also appeared in the sequel, "The Mummy Returns".

References

Further reading

* "Akhenaten, King of Egypt", by Cyril Aldred, 1988, Thames & Hudson.