Jewellery Quarter

infobox UK place
country = England
latitude= 52.489
longitude= -1.910
official_name= Jewellery Quarter
map_type= West Midlands
population = 3,000 approx.
population_density=
area_total_km2= 1.07
metropolitan_borough= City of Birmingham
metropolitan_county = West Midlands
region= West Midlands
constituency_westminster= Birmingham Ladywood
constituency_westminster1=
post_town= BIRMINGHAM
postcode_district = B3 and B18
postcode_area= B
dial_code= 0121
os_grid_reference= SP072889The Jewellery Quarter is an area of Birmingham City Centre, situated in the south of the Hockley area of Birmingham, England. It is covered by the Ladywood district. There is a population of around 3,000 peoplecite web|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/life-leisure-birmingham-guide/midlands-birmingham-property/property-locations-birmingham/2007/10/05/a-hidden-gem-in-the-city-65233-19903476/ |title=A hidden gem in the city |last=Jones |first=Alison |date=2007-10-05 |publisher="The Birmingham Post"|accessdate=2008-09-06] in a convert|107|ha|acre|0|adj=on area.

It is synonymous with the manufacture of jewellery and coins in Birmingham and has been the birthplace of many pioneering advancements in industrial technology. The Jewellery Quarter's importance in the international jewellery industry has declined much throughout the 20th century and is now becoming an urban village and hub for creative businesses, whilst trying to maintain its urban fabric. Its historical importance has meant led to numerous conservation schemes and it is an Anchor Point of the European Route of Industrial Heritage. [cite web|url=http://www.erih.net/anchor-points.html |title=Anchor Points |publisher=European Route of Industrial Heritage |accessdate=2008-09-01]

History

Origins

A survey of 1553 named one of the first goldsmiths of Birmingham, Roger Pemberton. [cite book|last=Bird |first=Vivian |title=Portrait of Birmingham |publisher=Hale |date=1979 |edition=3rd |pages=50 |isbn=0709173490] During the 18th and 19th centuries, Birmingham prospered from the Industrial Revolution and developed into a large industrial town, manufacturing an vast range of products, often from various metals. Many large foundries and glassworks attracted workers from all areas of Britain. A considerable trade grew up in gilt buttons, cap badges, pins and small metal toys. According to the Birmingham Directory of 1780, there were twenty-six jewellers at the time.cite book|last=Timmins |first=Samuel |coauthors=Wright, J. S. |title=Birmingham and the Midland Hardware District |publisher=Routledge |date=1967 |pages=452-62 |chapter=The Jewellery and Gilt Toy Trades |isbn=0714611476] Although, because the definition of a jeweller was not explained in the directory, it is thought that it may contain many irregularities and the number of actual jewellers may be lower. It is thought that by the start of the 19th century, there were around 12 jewellery manufacturing companies, employing approximately 400 people.

In 1746, the Colmore family released land on what is known as the Jewellery Quarter today to help satisfy the demands of an increasing population. The largest tract of land was Newhall which had been purchased from the Manor of Birmingham by William Colmore. In 1560, it was described as a rabbit warren and by 1620, New Hall Manor had been constructed. This was a large manor house that gave its name to the area. By 1746, the Colmore family had moved out and let the manor to tenants. Beyond this, there were enclosed fields leading to Birmingham Heath. Sandpits were located on Hockley Hill and the product of these pits were used for moulds which were used in the local metal casting industry.

The area was crossed by three roads. The road from Wednesbury and Wolverhampton, which now consists of Constitution Hill, Great Hampton Street and Hockley Hill, was turnpiked in 1727. This was followed by the turnpiking of the road to Dudley, consisting of Summer Row, Parade and Summer Hill Road, in 1760 when Summer Row was cut to provide a better route into the town. Both roads were heavily used by traders and carriages transporting raw materials from Staffordshire into Birmingham. The completion of the Birmingham Canal in 1769 led to the improvement of these roads. Warstone Lane, now Warstone Lane, Hall Street and part of Icknield Street, connected the Wolverhampton road to the Dudley road. Ladywood Road, which is now Ladywood Middleway, was also connected to the area as a result of Warstone Lane.

The demand for houses declined in the 1750s, although it began to increase again in 1759. Streets were laid out between Colmore Row and the Great Charles Street Queensway area in the 1760s. The plots in the Great Charles Street area were first let in 1760. Demand for the land was further stimulated by the completion of the Newhall Branch Canal in 1772 and by the end of the 1770s, almost all of the Great Charles Street and Lionel Street area had been built up. Construction of houses continued up into the area now known as the Jewellery Quarter and it became a wealthy residential area consisting of upmarket Georgian houses. [cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/Media?MEDIA_ID=17882 |title=St Paul's Conservation Area |work=The Jewellery Quarter Conservation Areas |publisher=Birmingham City Council Planning and Architecture |format=pdf |accessdate=2008-09-01] It was particularly stimulated by the donation of 3 acres of land by Charles Colmore for the construction of a church in the area.cite web|url=http://bobmiles.bulldoghome.com/pages/bobmiles_bulldoghome_com/walk7.htm |title=The birth of the Jewellery Quarter |last=Miles |first=Bob |publisher=The Birmingham Jewellery Quarter (Bob Miles) |accessdate=2008-09-01] Construction of St Paul's Church, designed by Roger Eykyn, and St Paul's Square commenced in 1777 and was completed in 1779.cite book |last= Foster |first=Andy |title=Birmingham |series=Pevsner Architectural Guides |origyear=2005 |year=2007 |pages=161 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10731-9] Georgian houses aimed at the prosperous middle class were constructed around the square, some of which survive such as Nos 12-14, which are Grade II listed, on the eastern side of the square. A plan of Birmingham by Thomas Hanson in 1778 shows that most of the Newhall estate had been laid out in a grid-like pattern from St Paul's Church. The plan also showed that two pools, Great and Little Pool, had been filled in and the brook that fed them had been canalised. However, New Hall still blocked further development down Newhall Street. In the early 1770s, Matthew Boulton had been using the premises partially as a warehouse and when plans for its demolition were aired, he resisted them. However, the house was demolished in 1787 with only the barn left standing until Boulton's new warehouse was completed on Livery Street in 1788.

Such villas that were constructed in the area in the late 18th century included Regent's Place, construction in the 1770s. This was leased by Matthew Boulton to James Watt and appears to be the earliest villa in the area. Watt stayed there from 1775 till 1790, before moving to Heathfield House in Handsworth. Key Hill House was constructed in the 1780s on Key Hill for Joshua Glover, a local merchant. In 1784, Sir Thomas Gooch leased out an estate on the northern side of Warstone Lane. Forrest's Brewery and two semi-detached houses were constructed on the plot. These houses were occupied by the owners of the brewery. On land owned by Samuel Lloyd and Edward Harford on the northeast side of Great Hampton Street, houses were constructed from the late-1780s. The land had been owned by Richard Parkes, an ironmaster from Wednesbury, from 1713 until it was passed to Lloyd and Harford. In 1750, Henry Carver purchased land on Summer Hill and in 1790 construction of a terrace of 15 houses commenced.

Despite the residential composition of the area, manufacturing businesses were starting to establish themselves there. The growth of industry into this area was aided by the establishment of the Birmingham Assay Office in 1773, which was petitioned for by Matthew Boulton and other industrialists. [cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=765&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=48 |title=The Assay Office, Birmingham |publisher=Birmingham City Council |accessdate=2008-09-01] The Birmingham and Fazeley Canal was constructed through the south of the area and was completed in 1789, providing a better form of transportation for goods manufactured in the area and for the transportation of materials to the area.cite book|last=Pearce |first=David |title=Conservation Today: Conservation in Britain Since 1975 |publisher=Routledge |date=1989 |pages=48-50 |chapter=Birmingham's Jewellery Quarter |isbn=041500778X] Upon the completion of the canal, Newhall Street was extended towards it. Large factories and workshops were constructed in the area and the middle classes moved out. Goldsmiths and silversmiths set up companies in the area in the place of the residents. The main gold products being produced here were keys, seals and watch chains whilst silversmiths manufactured buckles and comb ornaments using imitation stones. Despite buckles going out of fashion in society, the industry prospered. Jewellery was produced mainly in small workshops, contrasting with the large factories and mills that were constructed in England at the time.

The Colmore family realised the potential that came about as a result of the construction of the canals and in 1809, Caroline Colmore had a canal arm constructed from the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal to a basin off George Street to promote industrial development in the area. This was known as Miss Colmore's Canal, although was later name Whitmore's Arm.

However, economic problems in the 1820s significantly reduced the number of jewellers in the area and resulted in many jewellers being made redundant. The effects were felt for the following ten years and Hockley only developed as a distinct "quarter" at the centre of the city's jewellery industry since the mid-1830s.

Growth

The jewellery trade in nearby Derby was surpassed by that of the Jewellery Quarter as the products manufactured in the area improved in quality. The jewellery trade in Edinburgh also declined and by the end of the 19th century, the middle classes in London depended more on the supply of jewellery from Birmingham than from their own city. It is believed that by 1850, half of gold and silverware products on sale in London jewellery shops was produced in Birmingham, although there is no definitive data as many shopowners would not voluntarily admit where the product was manufactured. The Quarter made a large proportion of the British Empire's fine jewellery. This figure may underestimate the number of jewellers there, since not all of them had the need to advertise in directories. Most jewellers still worked in small workshops that would employ between five to fifty people. Nine out of ten master jewellers were originally workmen.

The fact that many jewellers lived alongside their workshops meant that living standards had to be accounted for. In 1835, the Key Hill Cemetery (then called the General Cemetery) was opened for burial on Key Hill on land that had once been used as gardens and a sandpit. The owners continued to remove the sand until the 1930s as it was in such high demand and was of high quality. The cemetery was open to all, however, there was still pressure for an Anglican burial ground and in 1845, the Church of England Cemetery Company was established. In 1848, the company bought land used for sandpits and gardens from the Gooch and Vyse estates for use as a cemetery. The General Cemetery continued to expand and in the cemetery companies bought land north of Pitsford Street from the Vyse estate for expansion. However, this land was sold to the railway company in 1854. The General Cemetery again expanded in the 1890s northwards. The company purchased the site of Key Hill House, which had been demolished for the extraction of sand.

The Birmingham and Staffordshire Gas Light Company was established in 1825 and they lit Great Hampton Street in 1836. In 1832, piped gas was started being offeredcite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/ELibrary?E_LIBRARY_ID=306&a=1195913472104 |title=Jewellery Quarter Conservation Area - Character Appraisal and Management Plan (Part 1) |date=2002-01-28 |publisher=Birmingham City Council |accessdate=2008-09-02 |format=pdf] and by 1840, all jewellers had received a supply of gas to their blowpipes.

In 1824, William Elliot set up a works on the corner of Frederick Street and Regents Street for the manufacture of buttons. In 1837, he patented a method of manufacturing cloth-covered buttons and built a factory to the rear of his works which extended to Vittoria Street. This was one of many purpose-built factories with others including the Victoria Works on Graham Street, which was built between 1839 and 1840 by Joseph Gillott for the mass production of steel pen nibs.

On May 28 1845, a party of jewellery representatives was sent from Birmingham to Buckingham Palace with the intention of persuading Queen Victoria to wear British made jewellery for the purpose of promoting it, and a meeting took place with the Royal couple. The group gave the Queen and the Prince an armlet, a brooch, a pair of ear-rings, a waist buckle, a watch-chain, a seal and key, together valued at over 400 guineas. All products were manufactured by Thomas Aston of Regent's Place and Mr. Baleny of St. Paul's Square. The party claimed that 5,000 families were dependent on the jewellery trades in Birmingham.cite book|last=Harman |first=Thomas T. |coauthors=Showell, Walter |title=Showell's Dictionary of Birmingham - A History and Guide Arranged Alphabetically |publisher=J.G. Hammond & Co. with the Cornish Brothers |location=Birmingham |date=1885 |pages=86]

In 1846, Vyse Street was constructed by Richard Howard-Vyse. Hylton Street was then cut to the north. Branston, Spencer and Hockley Street were all extended from the Inge estate onto the Vyse estate to Vyse Street and Pitsford Street. This layout was intended to produce as many building plots as possible.

By the mid-1800s, the jewellery trade was considered the most lucrative in the city with jewellers being some of the best paid workers in the city. There were also more people employed in the trade than any other in the city. Boys were given apprenticeships at the age of 14 and earned four shillings on average. This would increase annually until they were 21 where would work from 8am till 7pm. Although, it was common for jewellers to work overtime. Apprentices generally did not require any qualifications but style became a study within the industry and one jeweller's firm required all apprentices to attend the Birmingham School of Art. Families generally were not employed in the trade due to the cleanliness and careful manipulations needed in the crafting of certain pieces. Most families earned income as a result of the trade by producing leather or paper boxes which were used extensively by jewellers to protect finishes articles.

By 1861, 7,500 were employed in the jewellery trade and by 1880, there were nearly 700 workshops listed in a local directory. The trade benefited greatly from the declining price of raw gold, from the 1880s onwards. It also benefited from the development and refinement of new processes such as electroplating which was invented by George Elkington at the Elkington Silver Electroplating Works on Newhall Street. Also invented in the Jewellery Quarter was the first man-made plastic, Parkesine, by Alexander Parkes in 1862.

In 1883, less than half of all silver jewellery made in Birmingham was of high enough standard to pass through Birmingham Assay Office. However, in the same year no less than 30 tons 17 cwt 4 lb 4 oz (32.3630 megagrams) of silver jewellery and 3 tons 7 cwt 12 lb 3 oz (3.4093 Mg) of gold items were received bringing the total number of articles sent in for assaying that year to over 2.6 million.

In 1885, Thomas Harman and Walter Showell wrote their "Showell's Dictionary of Birmingham" in which they document that at the time of writing the book, the trade was experiencing a downturn in business and that thousands of workers were surviving on part time hours with many finding themselves unemployed. This depression was felt nationwide and lasted throughout the 1880s. Many manufacturers went out of business during that period and showed to manufacturers after a long period of growth and prosperity that the trade was susceptible to economic problems.

Recovery

Following the economic problems that jewellers witnessed, traders and jewellers in the Jewellery Quarter created a number of initiatives for the area such as the establishment of the Birmingham Jewellers' and Silversmiths'Association (predecessor to the British Jewellery, Giftware and Finishing Federation) [cite web|url=http://www.bjgf.org.uk/default.asp?p=148 |title=BJGF Brief History |publisher=British Jewellery, Giftware and Finishing Federation |accessdate=2008-09-01] in 1887. [cite book|last=Mason |first=Anita |title=An Illustrated Dictionary of Jewellery|publisher=Harper & Row |date=1974 |pages=44] Also, in 1890, a School of Jewellery and Silversmithing was set up in a converted factory on Vittoria Street as a branch of the School of Art.

Moving into the 20th century, the Jewellery Quarter benefited from the actions of the initiatives set up for jewellers and the industry grew to a size it had not witnessed. It reached a peak in 1914 with over 20,000 people being employed in the trade in the area. The suppliers of precious stones, tools and packaging also benefited. Throughout the growth, the Jewellery Quarter maintained its composition of small workshops with the larger factories being located on the northern fringe, producing lower quality jewellery. The lack of space meant that courts of worker's properties were being taken up by business owners to expand their businesses.

The Jewellery Quarter continued to thrive through World War I as demand for military buttons, badges and medals increased. However, at the end of the war, the demand plummeted and the jewellers also witnessed a change in fashion in society.

Downturn and redevelopment

The demand for the products manufactured in the Jewellery Quarter peaked in 1920 and a steady decline started. The Quarter hard hit by the Great Depression and struggled to recover after. Some companies constructed large factories as they tried to diversify their businesses. In World War II, manufacture turned again to munitions and this led to bombing raids by the Luftwaffe in the Birmingham Blitz. Like the rest of Birmingham, this brought a lot of damage to the Jewellery Quarter. St Paul's Church was damaged and was repaired between 1949 and 1951 to a design by J. B. Surman. In November 1940, Thomas Walker plc's 1934 factory in St Paul's Square was destroyed but rebuilt 18 months later.

In 1943, the Birmingham Jewellers' and Silversmiths' Association created a committee to discuss the regeneration of the industry in the Quarter. As many of the buildings were considering inappropriate for use, it was proposed by the BJSA in 1945 for the redevelopment of the area into flatted factories. Despite being accepted, the plan was not implemented. Following the war, the Quarter witnessed a slight recovery which was again hindered by the lack of space. In 1948, it was reported that the larger factories on the northern fringe of the Quarter were experiencing a decline in manufacturing whilst those in the centre were witnessing the opposite. Larger firms moved out of the area in the 1950s and 1960s to new sites elsewhere in the city. Some development did take place, such as the clearing of court housing around Pope Street, Carver Street and Camden Street.

A City Council survey in 1953 concluded that convert|23|acre|ha|0 of land were beyond repair. In 1956, the council produced their own plans for the redevelopment of the area to consolidate non-industrial activities such as retail into well-defined areas. However, they were met with opposition as they took no consideration of the importance of the small tradesmen that were vital to the area. In 1960, Sir Richard Vyse produced a plan for his Hockley estate, however, he died before the plan could be carried out. In 1963, the council agreed to buy the freehold of convert|14.5|acre|ha|0 of the Vyse estate for £650,000. In 1965, a council scheme for the redevelopment of the area was approved for completion in 1972. The proposals included an eight-storey flatted factory and 16 workshops with car parking above them as well as a new Assay Office, School of Jewellery, exhibition hall, restaurant, office block and shop. The flatted factory, known as the Hockley Centre (now the Big Peg), was completed in 1971. The workshops with the car parking space was completed in 1978 to the north of this. This was not a success as their were complaints over the higher rent prices and many of the 150 firms that were displaced by the development moved elsewhere in the Quarter. As a result, the council abandoned the development and said there would be no more large scale redevelopment in the area. Another development pioneered by the council was Sir Herbert Manzoni's Inner Ring Road and Middle Ring Road. The Inner Ring Road split the Newhall Street through a road widening scheme at Great Charles Street. Whilst the Ring Road had no major effect on the core of the Jewellery Quarter, the immediate land adjacent to the Queensway was bought up by large businesses who constructed large office blocks alongside the road. The Middle Ring Road bounded the Jewellery Quarter to the west and to the north. It severely restricted the expansion of the Jewellery Quarter in the postwar years. [cite book|last=Meller |first=Helen |title=Towns, Plans and Society in Modern Britain |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1997 |pages=81 |isbn=052157644X]

The industry has continued to decline although has remained throughout the postwar years. This has been a result of lack of demand as well as foreign competition. In 1965, 8,000 people were employed in 900 but by 1985, this had reduced to 4,000 people in 600 firms. The average life of a firm in the 1980s was 2.8 years which meant that the leasing of space in flatted factories was impractical. A report by consultants Segal Quince Wickstead noted that since 1981, the council had provided a lot of support for businesses in the area and improved the environment. Schemes to regenerate the area have been implemented such as the designation of Industrial Improvement Area and grants being awarded by English Heritage for the repair of historic buildings. Over 300 buildings were upgraded, leading to private expenditure of over £6 million. In 1987, many more physical changes were realised such as the completion of the new housing in the area for a century, as well as the opening of a wine bar. A housing association converted a warehouse in St Paul's Square into flats. Anvic House was refurbished into workshops whilst one firm converted their premises into an advertising agency. By 1998, over 25% of the industrial establishments were vacant and only 3% of the area was occupied by families. [cite book|last=Greffe |first=Xavier |coauthors=Pflieger, Sylvie |others=Noya, Antonella |title=Culture And Local Development |publisher=OECD Publishing |date=2005 |pages=130-1 |chapter=Birmingham |isbn=9264009906]

On November 5 1998, the Jewellery Quarter Urban Village Framework Plan was adoptedcite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/ELibrary?E_LIBRARY_ID=367&a=1167986436745 |title=The Jewellery Quarter Urban Village, Birmingham Urban Framework Plan |date=1998-11-05 |publisher=Birmingham City Council |format=pdf |accessdate=2008-09-06] to use mixed-use development to promote regeneration in the area and establish a community. The Urban Village Framework Plan was produced by a team of consultants led by EDAW Ltd. who were commissioned by Birmingham City Council, Urban Villages Forum and English Partnerships in November 1997. The plan recommended that the council work with English Partnerships and the local businesses in the area. As a result of the recommendations, the Jewellery Quarter Urban Village Regeneration Partnership was created with the partners being: [cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=13028&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=12752 |title=Partners of the Jewellery Quarter Regeneration Partnership |publisher=Birmingham City Council |accessdate=2008-09-02]
*Birmingham City Council
*Advantage West Midlands
*Groundwork Birmingham
*The Jewellery Quarter Association
*British Jewellers Association
*BCU School of Jewellery
*Business Link
*The Developers Forum
*Jewellery Quarter Community Web Residents Forum

The Partnership meet twice a year to discuss progress made under their 'Charter of Renaissance'. The aim is to transform the area into a hub for creative businesses along with facilities for people to live there. [cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/jq.bcc |title=Jewellery Quarter Regeneration Partnership |publisher=Birmingham City Council |accessdate=2008-09-02] One of the initiatives being used in the area for creative businesses is the loaning of free display cabinets to businesses. [cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=30566&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=12752 |title=Loan of display cabinets to small creative businesses in the Jewellery Quarter |publisher=Birmingham City Council |accessdate=2008-09-02] However, residents and employees in the Quarter have criticised the council's lack of progress in developing the Jewellery Quarter into a hub for creative businesses. In April 2008, the neighbourhood forum published a manifesto named "Time To Polish The Gem" in an attempt to draw attention to the issue. [cite news|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/news/west-midlands-news/2008/03/31/jewellery-quarter-residents-blast-council-65233-20699793/ |title=Jewellery Quarter residents blast council |last=Dale |first=Paul |date=2008-03-31 |publisher="The Birmingham Post"|accessdate=2008-09-04] Manufacturers in the area have also complained that the rise in rents have made it difficult for them to remain. These complaints were published by the Jewellery Quarter Association. [cite news|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/news/west-midlands-news/2008/09/02/rising-rents-push-jewellery-quarter-traditions-to-brink-65233-21651668/ |title=Rising rents push Jewellery Quarter traditions to brink |last=Scotney |first=Tom |date=2008-09-02 |publisher="The Birmingham Post" |accessdate=2008-09-15]

Conservation

The historical importance of the Jewellery Quarter was recognised by Birmingham City Council and English Heritage was recognised in the 1970s. In 1971, four years after the Civic Amenities Act which allowed the designation of conservation areas, St Paul's Square Conservation Area was created. It was recognised as Birmingham's last remaining Georgian square and an example of late 18th century urban planning in Birmingham. In 1975, it was extended to include the Assay Office on Newhall Street. In 1980, the Jewellery Quarter Conservation Area and the Key Hill Conservation Area were designated. The St Paul's Square Conservation Area was extended in 1992 to take in the blocks around the square and approach from Ludgate Hill. The Key Hill Conservation Area was extended in 1994 and the Jewellery Quarter Conservation Area in 1996.

In 1998, English Heritage undertook a survey of the entire Jewellery Quarter by documenting all the buildings in the area. They published a report, "The Birmingham Jewellery Quarter Urban Village. An Architectural Survey of the Manufacturies 1760-1999", in September 1999 which concluded that the Jewellery Quarter is a historic industrial area with international significance. As a result of the report, the three conservation areas were merged to form the new Jewellery Quarter Conservation Area in September 2000. Birmingham City Council and English Heritage agreed to jointly fund a Character Appraisal and Management Plan. Also as a result of the report, a recommendation for the statutory listing of 106 buildings was made which was approved by the Heritage Minister Andrew McIntosh in 2004. Two were Grade II* listed while the remaining 104 received Grade II listed status.cite news|url=http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/media_releases/2310.aspx |title=A Golden Opportunity. Heritage Minister Lists 106 Buildings In Birmingham's Jewellery Quarter |date=2004-04-07 |publisher=Department for Culture, Media and Sport |accessdate=2008-09-02]

In 2000, Sir Neil Cossons announced that the Newman Brothers Coffin Furniture Factory would be given Grade II* listed status. [cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/jewellery-quarter-protected-from-developers-718517.html |title=Jewellery quarter protected from developers |last=Herbert |first=Ian |date=2000-05-09 |publisher="The Independent" |accessdate=2008-09-02] The coffin factory was a candidate in the 2003 BBC Television series of "Restoration", however did not receive enough votes to enter into the finals.cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/your_birmingham/restoration/coffin_factory/coffin_factory.shtml |title=Coffin Factory to Rest in Peace? |publisher=BBC Birmingham |month=August |year=2003 |accessdate=2008-09-02] The coffin factory was purchased by Advantage West Midlands in April 2003 and plans are being made to convert it into a museum, paid for by refurbishing part of the building into offices and letting it out tenants. [cite web|url=http://www.birminghamconservationtrust.org/current_coffin.htm |title=Newman Bros. |publisher=Birmingham Conservation Trust |accessdate=2008-09-02]

In January 2008, a council report recommended plans to submit a bid for the Jewellery Quarter to receive World Heritage Site status. The area would have to be recommended to the Government. [cite news|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/news/west-midlands-news/2008/01/18/heritage-status-call-for-jewellery-quarter-50002-20366700/ |title=Heritage status call for Jewellery Quarter |last=Scotney |first=Thomas |date=2008-01-18 |publisher="The Birmingham Post" |accessdate=2008-09-02]

Future

Birmingham City Council's plan to develop the Jewellery Quarter into a hub for creative businesses has attracted significant amounts of private investment into the Quarter in recent years. Numerous proposals have been proposed and approved for mixed-use schemes in the area. Due to being a conservation area, many schemes involve the refurbishment of existing buildings although there are many new-build projects as well.

One of the largest developments proposed for the Jewellery Quarter is the redevelopment of the A. E. Harris premises on Northwood Street. To be developed by A. E. Harris, a sheet metal manufacturing firm, and designed by John Simpson & Partners, the initial scheme involved the demolition of the existing A. E. Harris engineering sheds to make way for 211 residential units, convert|1725|m2|sqft|0 of retail and restaurant facilities, a medical centre and an art gallery, convert|6065|m2|sqft|0 of new B1 space, one third of which is affordable workshop space designed to maintain and promote jewellery-related activities within the area. The current scheme now contains 151 apartments. [cite web|url=http://www.thestirrer.co.uk/2408062.html |title=Jewellery Quarter saved - for now |date=2006-08-24 |publisher=The Stirrer |accessdate=2008-09-06] The design involves the retention of a Grade II listed building as well as two other buildings which are important to the local history and townscape. To maintain the fabric of the Jewellery Quarter, several new streets and lanes are being created as part of the scheme. [cite web|url=http://www.johnsimpsonarchitects.com/urban/urban_18.html |title=Masterplan and design code for Northwood Street in the historic Jewellery Quarter, Birmingham |publisher=John Simpson & Partners |accessdate=2008-09-06] The scheme is being undertaken by the firm in an attempt to safeguard the company's future as it is being hit by competition in the Far East. The money generated as a result of the proposal will be invested in the creation of new industrial premises for A. E. Harris, who are now in partnership with Advantage West Midlands. The scheme was initially rejected by councillors in 2005 due to the design of a proposed seven storey office building within the scheme. [cite news|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/news/west-midlands-news/2005/07/22/planning-rejection-puts-the-future-of-ae-harris-in-doubt-65233-15767797/ |title=Planning rejection puts the future of AE Harris in doubt |last=Dale |first=Paul |date=2005-07-25 |publisher="The Birmingham Post" |accessdate=2008-09-06] However, the revised scheme was submitted in 2006 and received outline planning permission in 2008, despite strong objections from conservation societies who were worried that the scheme would increase land values in the immediate area by 900%, forcing out businesses. [cite news|url=http://www.birminghammail.net/news/birmingham-news/2006/08/29/fight-to-halt-more-jewellery-quarter-flats-97319-17643268/ |title=Fight to halt more Jewellery Quarter flats |last=Bell |first=David |date=2006-09-29 |publisher="Birmingham Mail" |accessdate=2008-09-06] There was also anger towards the number of residential units proposed as part of the development. [cite web|url=http://www.victorian-society-bham.org.uk/january2006.pdf |title=Casework Report - The Jewellery Quarter |last=Worsfold |first=Mary |coauthors=Hartland, Stephen |year=2006 |month=January |work=The Victorian Society newsletter |publisher=The Victorian Society |pages=2 |format=pdf |accessdate=2008-09-06] Another major proposal for the area is [http://www.newhallsquare.co.uk/ Newhall Square] , which consists of a mixture of apartments, retail units, office space and a Travelodge hotel. It is being constructed on the former site of the Museum of Science and Industry, which closed in 1997. When the museum closed, the site, owned by the City Council, became surplus to requirements and was marketed for disposal in 2001. In January 2002, a Development Brief was adopted as Supplementary Planning Guidance to provide prospective developers with information on how to develop the site appropriately. [cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/Media/Science%20Mus.%20Brief.pdf?MEDIA_ID=175898&FILENAME=Science%20Mus.%20Brief.pdf |title=The Former Museum of Science and Industry Development Brief |month=January |year=2002 |publisher=Birmingham City Council |accessdate=2008-09-04] Following the publishing of the Development Brief, bids were made by developers for the site and a shortlisting process began. On December 9 2002, RO St Bernard's Ltd were selected as the preferred developers for the site. A planning application for the site was submitted in 2005 and was approved in March 2006. The development on the convert|2.34|acre|ha|0|adj=on site is estimated to cost £63 million and will centre around a piazza.cite web|url=http://www.newhallsquare.net/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1 |title=Welcome |publisher=Newhall Square |accessdate=2008-09-04] There will be 234 apartments, although 140 of these will be included in the 'Jewellery Box' phase of the development which was designed by Associated Architects. The Jewellery Box will also consist of convert|70000|sqft|m2|0 of office space, as well as retail units and arts/exhibition space alongside the 100 bedroom Travelodge hotel. [cite web|url=http://www.newhallsquare.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=10 |title=Associated Architects |publisher=Newhall Square |accessdate=2008-09-04] The Whitmore Warehouse in the centre of the site and 144 Newhall Street will converted as part of the scheme. [cite web|url=http://www.newhallsquare.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7 |title=Application Number: C/03360/05/LBC |publisher=Newhall Square |accessdate=2008-09-04] Demolition of the site commenced in September 2006 and constructed started in late 2007. Of the buildings that were demolished was the James Watt building which housed the oldest working steam engine in the world built by James Watt. [cite web|url=http://www.newhallsquare.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=12 |title=Demolition of the James Watt Building |publisher=Newhall Square |accessdate=2008-09-04]

St Paul's Square is becoming central to development schemes in the Jewellery Quarter. One major development overlooking the square is St Paul's Place by Chord Developments. It is a mixed-use scheme consisting of 177 apartments and convert|30000|sqft|m2|0 of office space surrounding two internal courtyards. It was designed by a team within Chord Developments and the construction work is being carried out by Costains. The scheme covers convert|1.9|acre|ha|0 and involves the retention of the façade of the former Thomas Walker building, a 1920s buckle factory. The vacant industrial premises and former metal scrapyard to the rear of this are being demolished. Chord Developments also gave £60,000 towards the improvement of the lighting in the square and installation of CCTV. [cite web|url=http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/0150business/commercialproperty/2006/04/04/costains-strikes-the-right-note-with-chord-50002-16902098/ |title=Costains strikes the right note with Chord |last=Pain |first=Steve |date=2006-04-04 |publisher=icBirmingham |accessdate=2008-09-06] Another scheme by Chord Developments in the Jewellery Quarter is JQ One which is a smaller development consisting of 43 apartments, one of which beind a two storey penthouse apartment. JQ One is located on the junction of Newhall Street and George Street. [cite web|url=http://www.chordhomes.co.uk/press-releases/pr8-13-proves-lucky-for-chord.htm |title=13 Proves Lucky for Chord|date=2006-01-24 |publisher=Chord Homes |accessdate=2008-09-06]

A smaller development is the refurbishment of the Chamberlain Building, which overlooks the Chamberlain Clock. It has received a major facelift by MCD Property as Tesco, William Hill and Subway have signed up for the ground floor. The two floors above were refurbished to provide approximately convert|10000|sqft|m2|0 of office space. [cite web|url=http://www.mcdproperty.com/press-release.php?prid=38 |title=MCD Brings New Life To Hub Of Jewellery Quarter |date=2007-11-27 |publisher=MCD Developments |accessdate=2008-09-04]

On the fringe of the Jewellery Quarter is the St Georges development which is being built by developer Chord Deeley. Covering an area of convert|6.8|acre|ha|0, it is the largest scheme proposed for the Jewellery Quarter. The site is bounded by Icknield Street, Camden Street and Carver Street and incorporating Pope Street and Moreton Street. It has been masterplanned by Urban Initiatives and will include 695 apartments, eight live/work spaces, convert|8689|m2|sqft|0 of offices, convert|1145|m2|sqft|0 of bars and restaurants, convert|2274|m2|sqft|0 of retail, plus a 237 space multi-storey car park, in seven blocks. [cite web|url=http://www.stgeorgesbirmingham.com/masterplan.php |title=St Georges masterplan |publisher=St Georges |accessdate=2008-09-06] Also within the scheme are two hotels, including a £15 million Ramada Encore hotel with 151 rooms on the corner of Icknield Street and Pope Street. The second hotel will contain 100 rooms. Alfred McAlpine and New World Leisure have been appointed by Chord Deeley to develop and operate the hotels in a joint venture. Most of the buildings on the site are derelict and in a poor state of repair and whilst none of them are listed, the Kettleworks, the former Swan kitchenware factory which dates back to 1890, is to be retained. Work began in summer 2008 on the first phase and the entire scheme is expected to be completed in 2012. It is estimated to cost £130 million [cite web|url=http://www.locatebirmingham.com/news_and_media/news/2008/1/8 |title=Planning Grant for £160m Jewellery Quarter Scheme |date=2008-01-08 |publisher=Locate Birmingham |accessdate=2008-09-06] and is hoped that between 1,500-2,500 jobs will be created as a result. [cite web|url=http://www.stgeorgesbirmingham.com/StGeorgesNewsletterJuly07.pdf |title=£160 million Jewellery Quarter regeneration unveiled |month=July |year=2007 |publisher=St George |format=pdf |accessdate=2008-09-06]

Also on the fringe of the Jewellery Quarter is the Birmingham Mint redevelopment by Junared Property Group. When the Mint closed in 2003, work got underway to find an alternative use for the site. Demolition work on the site commenced in early 2007 and construction in September 2007. The scheme has been designed by Ian Darby Partnership and is being developed in two phases. Phase 1 will include 192 apartments and approximately convert|60000|sqft|m2|0 of offices whilst Phase 2 will consist of 62 apartments and a convert|50000|sqft|m2|0|adj=on data centre is now in the planning stage. Ninex are constructing the complex. As part of the scheme, the Grade II listed façade and the convert|130|ft|m|0|adj=on chimney are being retained and incorporated. [cite news|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/birmingham-business/birmingham-business-news/commercial-property-birmingham/2008/05/15/stacks-of-potential-at-birmingham-mint-65233-20916549/ |title=Stacks of potential at Birmingham Mint |last=Pain |first=Steve |date=2008-05-15 |publisher="The Birmingham Post"|accessdate=2008-09-06]

Geography

The area rests on Bunter upper mottled sandstone from the Triassic period. These sounds were very useful in the manufacture of moulds, which were extensively used in the metal working industries in Birmingham. Much of the rest of the city centre lies on Keuper sandstone, which is better suited for foundry work. The conservation area sits on a flat-topped hill, orientated north-south. The land falls steeply west towards Icknield Street and southeast to the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal. It rises southeast from the canal to Great Charles Street Queensway. The highest point is located on Warstone Lane.cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/ELibrary?E_LIBRARY_ID=337&a=1126190941217 |title=Jewellery Quarter Conservation Area - Character Appraisal and Management Plan (Part 2) |date=2002-01-28 |publisher=Birmingham City Council |accessdate=2008-09-02 |format=pdf]

There were two pools within the Jewellery Quarter before the 19th century. The largest was Great Hockley Pool and the other was Little Hockley Pool, which was located on what is the site of Hockley railway station. Little Hockley Pool was filled in after 1834 whilst Great Hockley Pool was drained in 1869. [cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22970 |title=Economic and Social History: Mills |last=Stephens |first=W.B. |date=1964 |work=A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 7: The City of Birmingham |publisher=British History Online |pages=253-269 |accessdate=2008-09-06]

In April 2008, the Jewellery Quarter was mentioned as being at risk of flooding by Gareth Morgan, an environment expert at the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, due to the rising water table in the city and its location adjacent to Birmingham's canal network. The rising water table is partly a result of the loss of heavy industry which used to remove large quantities of water. [cite news|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/news/west-midlands-news/2008/04/17/birmingham-on-flood-alert-as-water-table-rises-65233-20776309/ |title=Birmingham on flood alert as water table rises |last=Naqvi |first=Shahid |date=2008-04-17 |publisher="The Birmingham Post" |accessdate=2008-09-06]

Tourism

As well as being an industrial area, the Jewellery Quarter has become a tourist attraction itself as many of the workshops retain their 19th century appearance.

Birmingham City Council first recognised the importance of tourism in raising the profile of the Jewellery Quarter in the 1980s. Studies were commissioned on the industry and potential for tourism in the area. These were put together into a strategy which included aims such as improving views in the area, established a museum and a trade centre to rival Germany and Italy. This was accepted, except the trade centre proposal. The first things to be implemented were the refurbishment Vyse Street car park and the improvement in street parking provisions. Former derelict sites were turned into surface car parks. The existing street furniture was improved whilst necessary additions were made. To influence the quality of design for future shops, a shopfront design guide was prepared by the council for the area. There were also plans for an arcade and gateways into the Jewellery Quarter, but these were abandoned in the 1990s due to a lack of available finances.

The city council also launched a series of initiatives aimed at promoting the Jewellery Quarter and raising the awareness of the location of the Quarter amongst the general public. Articles were published in local and national newspapers and magazines such as British Airways' own magazine "Airtime". The council produced 200,000 leaflets in conjunction with Centro called "How to find the Jewellery Quarter" which were distributed through a range of outlets.

Manufacturers were approached to allow members of the public to enter their premises and see products be manufactured in the Quarter. Many accepted and a 'Factory Tours' pack was published for the public. Retailers were also approached to assist in the publication of a prestigious shopping guide along with World Gold Guides. However, despite promises that over one million of the guides would published and distributed around the world, nothing was ever produced.The plan for gateways into the Jewellery Quarter was revived at the turn of 21st century and three metal sculptures designed by Anuradha Patel, a local freelance artist, were unveiled on lamp posts at strategic location on Hall Street with Great Hampton Street, Newhall Street with Lionel Street, and Vyse Street with Great Hampton Street on February 13 2003. The sculptures themselves were manufactured in the Jewellery Quarter by Form Fabrications (Birmingham) Limited. They are made from a variety of steel tubes and rods, which are rolled, bent and then welded together. [cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=40569&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=12752 |title=Jewellery Quarter Gateways |date=2008-01-02 |publisher=Birmingham City Council |accessdate=2008-09-02]

The Museum of the Jewellery Quarter came about as a result of the strategy. It was created when the Smith & Pepper jewellery firm on Vyse Street closed their doors in 1981, leaving all the contents in the building. It is now a branch of the Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery [cite web|url=http://www.bmag.org.uk/index.php?type=element&maincat=1&subcat=2&subelement=3 |title=Museum of the Jewellery Quarter |publisher=Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery |accessdate=2008-09-02] and in 2008, TripAdvisor named it as the third best free tourist attraction in Europe, behind the Pantheon in Rome and the National Gallery in London. [cite web |url=http://sev.prnewswire.com/travel/20080522/NETH02122052008-1.html |title=TripAdvisor Announces Top 10 Free U.S. Attractions |publisher=PR Newswire |date=2008-05-22 |accessdate=2008-09-02]

There are also a variety of art galleries. The Royal Birmingham Society of Artists is a historic society of artists who moved to an art gallery in St Paul's Square in 2000. St. Paul's Gallery is the largest commercial art gallery outside of London [cite web|url=http://www.artguide.org/museums.php?id=4479963M |title=St Pauls Gallery, Birmingham |publisher=Art Guide |accessdate=2008-09-02] and opened in February 2003. [cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/features/laplaca/laplaca3-11-04.asp |title=Blow Up |last=La Placa |first=Joe |date=2004 |publisher=ArtNet |accessdate=2008-09-02] Another gallery that was in the Jewellery Quarter was Colony, which opened in 2004 and closed in August 2008. [cite web|url=http://www.colonygallery.co.uk/current.html |title=Current |last=McAree |first=Paul |coauthors=Casey, Mona |date=2008-08-21 |publisher=COLONY |accessdate=2008-09-02]

There are also two trails through the Jewellery Quarter that were created by the city council. The Findings Trail was designed by Laura Potter, a practising maker and graduate from the School of Jewellery. There are 30 pavement slabs, with a stainless steel information plaque based on the form of a hallmarked tag usually found on jewellery. There is also a glass cat's eye set into each information plaque which reflects light at night and day on the principle of a gemstone set in jewellery. Slabs contain various elements of either stainless steel or cast bronze. The Charm Bracelet Trail was designed by the Birmingham-based artist partnership Renn and Thacker. The trail is shaped like a giant bronze charm bracelet. At the bottom of Newhall Hill is a charm bracelet padlock that illuminates at night, marking the start of the trail. [cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=40777&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=12752 |title=Trails & Walks in & around the Jewellery Quarter |date=2008-04-25 |publisher=Birmingham City Council |accessdate=2008-09-02]

Industry

Jewellery manufacturers continue work in the area today with there being around 700 jewellery-related businesses in the Quarter. [cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=61371&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=12752 |title=Business in the Jewellery Quarter |publisher=Birmingham City Council |accessdate=2008-09-02] 400 of these are jewellery manufacturers, producing 40% of British jewellery output. Jewellery is produced here for the general public and also for the wholesale and retail trade and the area is said to contain the highest concentration of dedicated jewellers in Europe. [cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2008/06/11/jewellery_quarter_feature.shtml |title=The Jewellery Quarter is still in business |last=Burwood |first=Tessa |date=2008-06-12 |publisher=BBC Birmingham |accessdate=2008-09-02] Vittoria Street hosts the Jewellery teaching centre for the Birmingham Institute of Art and Design. Many former industrial buildings have been refurbished including the Argent Centre.cite book|last=Berry |first=Jim |coauthors=McGreal, Stanley; Deddis, Bill |title=Urban Regeneration: Property Investment and Development |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=1993 |pages=166-9 |chapter=Birmingham's Jewellery Quarter |url=0419183108] As a result of regeneration, the Jewellery Quarter has also become home to PR firms, media firms, software companies and developers. It also hosts half of the city's architectural practices.cite web|url=http://www.viceroyinvest.co.uk/downloads/eBrochure_WaterStreet.pdf |title=Birmingham Jewellery Quarter |work=Water Street Court, The Jewellery Quarter, Birmingham e-brochure|publisher=Viceroy Invest |pages=5 |format=pdf |accessdate=2008-09-06]

The silver and gold manufactured in the city during the 19th and early 20th century was of exceptionally high quality, with its own hallmark. These products are now considered collectibles. In the 19th century, other products such as chains were manufactured. Some chains were produced to be purely ornamental and to be attached to watches. However, some larger chains were manufactured for industrial uses. These chains sometimes contained silver, and rarely gold. Gold chains would sell, on average, for £250,000. The first silver guard chain made in Birmingham was made in 1806. At around the mid-1800s, between 1,500 and 1,600 people were manufactured in the chain-making industry, 500 of which were women.

Another major trade in the Jewellery Quarter and the surrounding area was the pen trade. The Quarter was home to the world's first mass producer of pen nibs which made pens more affordable by reducing the cost by 99.9%. At the industry's peak in the area, 5,000 workers produced 1,500 million pen nibs per year. The area was home to many dip pen manufacturers who played a vital role in the pen trade in the city. During the first half of the 20th century, Swan Pens opened a large gold pen factory in the city, taking advantage of the skilled gold workers of the Jewellery Quarter.

Many sporting awards have been produced in the area and still are today. The trophy awarded to the winners of the Wimbledon Ladies Singles tournament was produced in the area. Thomas Fattorini Ltd. is also based in the area and have designed and made the original FA Cup trophy, and still make the Lonsdale and Commonwealth belts for boxing.

Whistles were pioneered in the Jewellery Quarter, especially by Joseph Hudson who produced the first football referee whistle in 1878 and invented the police whistle in 1883. Hudson whistles are still used by the Metropolitan Police today. Hudson also manufactured whistles for the RMS "Titanic", some of which were recovered from the wreck. Around 1,000 million whistles have been made by various companies in the Jewellery Quarter since 1870.

Coffins and coffin parts were also manufactured in the area with the main factory being the Newman Brothers Coffin Furniture Factory. The works were constructed in 1892 to a design by Richard Harley for Newman Brothers, who were brass founders and produced metal coffin fittings. The company manufactured coffin furniture in solid brass, electro-brass, silver plate and nickel plate, and later from resins with oxy-silver, oxy-bronze and oxy-copper finishes. At its peak, it employed 100 people. [cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/6355373.stm |title=New life for old coffin factory |date=2007-02-12 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=2008-09-02] The company also made shrouds. By the 1950s, the company was exporting their products to Asia, Africa and North America. The company has also produced coffin furniture for the funerals of Sir Winston Churchill, Neville Chamberlain and Princess Diana. [cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/07_july/18/restoration_buildings_mid.pdf |title=Building details |publisher=BBC Two |pages=19-20 |format=pdf |accessdate=2008-09-02] When the company shut down in 1999 as a result of cheap mass production of fittings made from resins and plastics, it was one of three coffin furniture manufacturers in England.Coins were also manufactured in the Jewellery Quarter by the Birmingham Mint, which flourished in the city from 1850 till 2003. By 1889, it had become the biggest private mint in the world. [cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=836&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=0 |title=Birmingham Mint |publisher=Birmingham City Council |accessdate=2008-09-10] However, as the Mint expanded, their business diversified into the manufacture of commemorative medals, copper tubings and gambling tokens. By 1953, coins accounted for only 5% of the business. [cite book|last=Sweeny |first=James O. |title=A Numismatic History of the Birmingham Mint |publisher=The Birmingham Mint Ltd. |location=Birmingham |date=1981 |isbn=0-9507594-0-6]

Places of interest

As tourism in the area has increased since the 1990s, many buildings have been restored and have since become local landmarks. St Paul's Square is the only remaining Georgian square in Birmingham, whose church was attended by the new industrialists. It eventually became overrun with workshops and lost its exclusiveness as a residence towards the end of the 19th century. It has now had restorative work and many of the buildings are listed. It is one of a few open spaces remaining in the Jewellery Quarter. Two others are the Warstone Lane and the Key Hill Cemeteries. Both cemeteries are closed to burials and are listed areas. The General Cemetery at Key Hill became Grade II listed on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens in 1996 and the Church of England Cemetery on Warstone Lane was added in 2001. However, they are in urgent need of restoration and have been placed on English Heritage's At Risk Register. [cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/7496242.stm |title=Hidden gems 'at risk' of decay |last=Portlock |first=Sarah |date=2008-07-09 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=2008-09-05] Key Hill is home to the tombs of many influential people of Birmingham.

The Chamberlain Clock stands at the junction of the Vyse and Frederick Street with Warstone Lane. It was constructed in 1903 to mark Joseph Chamberlain's visit to South Africa. It was unveiled in January 1904cite web|url=http://www.geocrawl.co.uk/Midlands.htm |title=Chamberlain Clock |publisher=GeoCrawl |accessdate=2008-09-04] by Joseph Chamberlain's wife. It is now a local landmark and symbol of the Quarter. Chamberlain had been a resident on Frederick Street and had also helped jewellers through his campaign work to abolish Plate Duties - a tax affecting jewellery tradesmen of the time.cite web|url=http://www.the-quarter.com/history_clock.htm |title=The Chamberlain Clock |publisher=The Jewellery Quarter in Birmingham |accessdate=2008-09-04] The timepiece was originally powered by a clockwork winding handle. It was later adapted to electricity but fell into disrepair and lost its chime. As a result, it was fully restored in 1989.Newhall Street was home to the Museum of Science and Industry, which incorporated the Elkington Silver Electroplating Works. The museum closed in 1997 and the majority of the buildings were demolished, with only the buildings fronting onto Newhall Street and a hall in the centre of the site being retained. The site is to be developed in a mixed-use scheme called [http://www.newhallsquare.co.uk/ Newhall Square] and will incorporate the remaining buildings. Many exhibits of the museum itself moved to Thinktank in Millennium Point.cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=28178&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=12253&EXPAND=1637 |title=Former Museum of Science and Industry |date=2007-03-14 |publisher=Birmingham City Council |accessdate=2008-09-04]

Another local landmark is the Big Peg, formerly called the Hockley Centre. It was completed in 1971 as an eight storey flatted factory to a design by Peter Hing & Jones. [cite book |last= Foster |first=Andy |title=Birmingham |series=Pevsner Architectural Guides |origyear=2005 |year=2007 |pages=168 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10731-9] The building was refurbished into a studio offices for arts, media and creative businesses. The Big Peg Gallery hosts arts exhibitions from local artists [cite web|url=http://www.the-quarter.com/history_peg.htm |title=The Big Peg |publisher=The Jewellery Quarter in Birmingham |accessdate=2008-09-04] and the convert|100000|sqft|m2|0|adj=on building has space for 500 people. It is owned and operated by SPACE Organisation. [cite web|url=http://www.cultureandcommunities.ca/resources/cultural-facility-profiles/artspace-north/big-peg.html |title=Big Peg, Jewellery Quarter |last=Sinclair |first=Lindsay |date=2005 |publisher=Artspace North Society |accessdate=2008-09-04] Located within the Big Peg is Concrete, a convert|3000|sqft|m2|0|adj=on club which was opened on February 1 2008 with Utah Saints headlining the opening. [cite news|url=http://www.birminghammail.net/what-is-on-in-birmingham/birmingham-clubs/2008/02/01/rave-veterans-open-new-club-97319-20424022/ |title=Rave veterans open new club |last=Oliphant |first=Will |date=2008-02-01 |publisher="Birmingham Mail" |accessdate=2008-09-10]

Transport

The Jewellery Quarter is served by the Jewellery Quarter station, a co-joined stop on both the Midland Metro and the main rail line into Birmingham Snow Hill station. It was opened as a passenger railway station in 1995 as part of the "Jewellery Line" project and Midland Metro services commenced in 1999. It is located on the Birmingham to Worcester via Kidderminster Line. [cite web|url=http://www.railaroundbirmingham.co.uk/Stations/jewellery_quarter.php |title=Jewellery Quarter Station |publisher=Rail around Birmingham and the West Midlands |accessdate=2008-09-06] It is located partly on the site of the Hockley goods facilities. ['Birmingham - Warwickshire: 013/04', Ordnance Survey 1:2,500 - Epoch 1 (1890). URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/mapsheet.aspx?compid=55193&sheetid=10087&ox=0&oy=0&zm=1&czm=10&x=562&y=318. Date accessed: 6 September 2008.] The Hockley railway station is a disused station located about 100 yards away from the current Jewellery Quarter station. It was open from 1854 till 1972. [cite web|url=http://www.railaroundbirmingham.co.uk/Stations/hockley.php |title=Hockley Station |publisher=Rail around Birmingham and the West Midlands |accessdate=2008-09-06] A viaduct starts at Snow Hill station and becomes a tunnel, cutting beneath the Jewellery Quarter. A new entrance to Snow Hill station is being constructed within the viaduct on the opposite side of Great Charles Street Queensway, within the Jewellery Quarter. [cite web|url=http://centro.journalistpresslounge.com/centro/news/index.cfm/fuseaction/details/id/0A1EF6BA-13D3-97AA-2DA4AC2B7D572B43/cnt/1/ref/main/type/news%20releases/ses/1.cfm |title=Snow Hill vital link reaffirmed |date=2006-06-25|publisher=Centro |accessdate=2008-09-06]

Birmingham's canal network cuts through the south of the Jewellery Quarter. The Birmingham and Fazeley Canal was completed in this area in 1789. A canal arm was constructed by Caroline Colmore in 1809 and this became known as Miss Colmore's Canal, although was later named Whitmore's Arm. The canal arm has since been filled in although the remains of the entrance to it are still visible from the canal path. Also along this length of canal are the remains of brackets which held early canalside lighting. [cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=699&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=126 |title=Britains Canal City and the Jewellery Quarter |publisher=Birmingham City Council |accessdate=2008-09-06] Newhall Street crosses the canal and beneath the bridge is lock 9 of the Farmers Bridge flight. Lock 10 is located directly beneath Brindley House, [cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=915&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=12910 |title=Canal Walks - Newhall Street |publisher=Birmingham City Council |accessdate=2008-09-06] a telephone exchange which was constructed 1967-8 to a design by D.K. McGowan. [cite book |last=Foster |first=Andy |title=Birmingham |series=Pevsner Architectural Guides |origyear=2005 |year=2007 |pages=190 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10731-9] It has recently been renovated into apartments by MCD Developments. [cite web|url=http://www.mcdproperty.com/brindley-house.html |title=Brindley House |publisher=MCD Developments |accessdate=2008-09-06] The canal is no longer used for industrial purposes and is now used for leisure.

The Jewellery Quarter itself consists of a network of narrow streets. However, the area is bounded by large roads, chiefly a product of postwar redevelopment. To the south is Great Charles Street Queensway which formed part of the A4400 Inner Ring Road. Part of the road also consists of the Great Charles Street Queensway tunnel, part of the A38. To the northwest is Icknield Street which forms part of the A4540 Middle Ring Road. At the western apex of the area, the Middle Ring Road forms a junction with the A457. At the northern-most point, Great Hampton Street crosses over the Middle Ring Road at Boulton Middleway. Great Hampton Street runs southeast and becomes Constitution Hill and then Old Snow Hill before merging with the Inner Ring Road at St Chad's Circus. To the southwest is Sand Pits and Summer Hill Road, forming part of the A457. [cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/ELibrary?E_LIBRARY_ID=398&a=1218718122408 |title=Jewellery Quarter Conservation Area Map |publisher=Birmingham City Council |accessdate=2008-09-06] Several bus services run through the Jewellery Quarter, and many National Express West Midlands buses run along the main roads on the boundaries. [cite web|url=http://www.the-quarter.com/travelframe2.htm#bus |title=Public Transport - Buses|publisher=The-Quarter |accessdate=2008-09-06]

Education

The longest-running school in the Jewellery Quarter is the Municipal School for Jewellers and Silversmiths, now part of the Birmingham Institute of Art and Design, run by Birmingham City University, on Vittoria Street. The school was founded in 1888 and moved to its present location in 1890 when Martin & Chamberlain converted a goldsmith's factory, built in 1865 to a design by J. G. Bland. The top storey was added in 1906 by Cossins, Peacock & Bewlay who also designed the south extension in 1911. The school was acquired by the University of Central England in 1989, along with an adjoining site.cite web|url=http://www.associated-architects.co.uk/files/soj.pdf |title=The School of Jewellery, Birmingham |publisher=Associated Architects |format=pdf |accessdate=2008-09-06] They commissioned Associated Architects who designed a further south extension which was constructed between 1992 and 1993. They also redesigned much of the interior, creating a full-height atrium with gallery access to workshops. The reception area can also be used as exhibition space. The building itself consists of a Lombardo-Gothic front, whilst the 1911 extension is of red brick mottled with blue. [cite book |last= Foster |first=Andy |title=Birmingham |series=Pevsner Architectural Guides |origyear=2005 |year=2007 |pages=168-9 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10731-9] The project won the 1995 RIBA Architecture Award and the 1996 Civic Trust Award.

Bounded by Great Hampton Street, Hall Street and Kenyon Street is the Birmingham campus of The College of Law charity. [cite web|url=http://www.college-of-law.co.uk/about-the-college/birmingham-centre.html |title=The College of Law in Birmingham |publisher=The College of Law |accessdate=2008-09-10] It is located within industrial premises, previously occupied by William Canning & Co., manufacturing chemists and dry salters and became The College of Law premises in 2001.cite news|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/birmingham-business/birmingham-business-news/legal-business-financial/2008/09/11/birmingham-s-college-of-law-gets-go-ahead-for-expansion-65233-21802163/ |title=Birmingham's College of Law gets go-ahead for expansion |date=2008-09-08 |publisher="The Birmingham Post" |accessdate=2008-09-16] The entrance to the college is located at the corner of Great Hampton Street and Hall Street and there is vehicular access via Kenyon Street. The car park to the rear of the premises was created through the demolition of industrial units in the 1980s."Design Statement Design & Access Statement" on planning application number C/02526/08/FUL. Submitted to Birmingham City Council on 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2008-09-10.] On May 6 2008, the college submitted a planning application for an extension to provide convert|1413|m2|sqft|0 of additional space along with car parking. The extension was designed by Gaunt Francis Architects. It was approved by Birmingham City Council in September 2008 and it is anticipated that construction will commence in October 2008 [cite web|url=http://www.gauntfrancis.co.uk/news/16/c/?subItemID=177 |title=Planning sought for extension to Law College |date=2008-08-01 |publisher=Gaunt Francis Architects |accessdate=2008-09-10] with an estimated completion date of 2010.

Abbey College Birmingham is a college based in buildings overlooking St Paul's Square. [cite web|url=http://www.abbeybirmingham.co.uk/about.html |title=About Abbey College |publisher=Abbey College Birmingham |accessdate=2008-09-10] Opened in October 1994, [cite web|url=http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/oxedu_reports/download/(id)/88469/(as)/103599_316891.pdf |title=Abbey College - Inspection Report |last=Ellender-Gelé |first=Marianick |date=2007-09-25 |publisher=Ofsted |accessdate=2008-09-10] it is an independent college with approximately 140 pupils aged 14-19. [Ofsted|103599] It is part of the Alpha Plus Group. [cite web|url=http://www.abbeybirmingham.co.uk/about_alpha.html |title=The Alpha Plus Group |publisher=Abbey College Birmingham |accessdate=2008-09-10]

University College Birmingham own land on Legge Lane and commissioned Glancy Nicholls Architects in 2006 to design a new campus for the site. The £15 million project was due to be submitted for planning permission in Spring 2007, although no planning application has been submitted. The design consisted of a four storey building with convert|75000|sqft|m2|0 of space. [cite web|url=http://www.glancynicholls.com/ |title=Glancy Nicholls Architects |accessdate=2008-09-15] Part of the site includes the remaining gable end of St Paul's School which was completed in 1869 to a design by J. A. Chatwin. [cite book |last= Foster |first=Andy |title=Birmingham |series=Pevsner Architectural Guides |origyear=2005 |year=2007 |pages=166 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10731-9]

The former fire station on Albion Street which was built between 1909 and 1910 to a design by T. G. Price, [cite book |last= Foster |first=Andy |title=Birmingham |series=Pevsner Architectural Guides |origyear=2005 |year=2007 |pages=167 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10731-9] has been converted into a private children's day nursery. [cite web|url=http://www.childcarelink.gov.uk/whitebox/childcaresearch.asp?cisid=5038&csid=50389100487 |title=Old Fire Station Nursery |first=Childcare Information Bureau Birmingham |publisher=ChildcareLink |accessdate=2008-09-16]

References

External links

* [http://www.jewelleryquarterbirmingham.com/ Jewellery Quarter Birmingham
* [http://www.the-quarter.com/ The Jewellery Quarter in Birmingham]
* [http://www.birminghamuk.com/jewelleryquarter.htm BirminghamUK: The Jewellery Quarter Birmingham]
* [http://www.bmag.org.uk/index.php?type=element&maincat=1&subcat=2&subelement=3 Museum of the Jewellery Quarter]
* [http://www.jquarter.org.uk/ Explore the Jewellery Quarter]
* [http://www.penroom.co.uk/ The Birmingham Pen Trade Heritage Association and Museum]