Halo (megastructure)

A human ship approaches a Halo under construction. Portions of the Ark are visible at bottom. From the video game Halo 3, 2007.

Halos are fictional megastructures and superweapons in the Halo video game series. They are referred to as "Installations" by their AI monitors, and are collectively referred to as "the Array" by the installations' creators, the Forerunners. The series' alien antagonists, the Covenant, refer to the structures as the 'Sacred Rings', believing them to form part of a greater religious prophecy known as 'The Great Journey'. According to Halo's fiction, the Forerunners built the rings to contain and study the Flood, an infectious alien parasite. The rings also act together as a weapon of last resort; when fired, the rings kill any sentient life capable of falling prey to the Flood, starving the parasite of its food. The installations are at the crux of the plot progression for the Halo series.

The Halos are massive ringworlds, which feature their own wildlife and weather. The constructs resemble Larry Niven's Ringworld concept in shape and design. The structure that Halo: Combat Evolved takes place on was initially to be a hollowed-out planet, but was changed to its ring design later in development; a staff member provided "Halo" as the name for both the ring and the video game after names such as Red Shift were suggested.

Overview

Design and development

The term "megastructure" refers to artificial structures where one of three dimensions is 100 kilometers (62 mi) or larger. The first use of a ring-shaped megastructure in fiction was Larry Niven's novel Ringworld (1970). Niven described his design as an intermediate step between Dyson Spheres and planets, where a ring with a radius of more than 93,000,000 miles (150,000,000 km) and 1,000 miles (1,600 km) wide; these are dimensions far exceeding the ringworlds found in the Halo series, which feature radii of 5,000 miles (8,000 km)^[1] As seen in the games, Halo installations feature a metallic exterior, with the interior of the ring filled with an atmosphere, water, plant life, and animal life.^[2] A massive wall on the sides of the structure, combined with the centrifugal force produced by the ring's rotation, keep the environment from leaking into space.^[3] What appear to be docking ports and windows dot the exterior surface, suggesting that a fraction of the ring structure itself is hollow and used for maintenance, living, and power generation.^[4]

Before the title for game developer Bungie's next project was announced and development of the game that would become Halo was in its early stages, the megastructure that Halo: Combat Evolved took place on was a massive, hollowed-out planet called "Solipsis". The planet became a Dyson Sphere, and then a Dyson Ring.^[5] Some Bungie staffers felt the change to a ringworld was "ripping off Larry Niven", according to Bungie artist Paul Russel.^[6] Bungie employee Frank O'Connor wrote in a post on Bungie.net that "the specific accusation that we swiped the idea of a ring-shaped planet wholesale is not accurate," explaining that Bungie used a ringworld because "it's cool and therefore the type of thing a Forerunner civilization would build."^[7]

At the time, the game was known as Blam!, but Bungie had always expected to replace the working title with something better (Blam! was only used after studio co-founder Jason Jones could not bring himself to tell his mother their next project was dubbed Monkey Nuts.)^[8] Titles such as The Crystal Palace, Hard Vacuum, Star Maker, Star Shield, and The Santa Machine were suggested.^[5] Russel suggested calling it Project: Halo because of the ring. Despite concerns that the title seemed too religious or lacked action, the name stuck.^[9] In turn, "Halo" became the ring's name as well.^[6][10]

Halo: Combat Evolved's Halo was intended to be populated with large animal life,^[11] collectively known as Fauna. The Fauna included "pseudo-dinosaurs" and mammals,^[12] as well as a Chocobo-like creature—the "Blind Wolf"—that players could ride.^[13] The animals were removed for technical and conceptual reasons; there were difficulties in getting herd and behavior action to work, and under pressure to complete the game's more central aspects were focused on while the animals were dropped. Bungie also felt that the desolate ring heightened the sense of Halo's mystery, and made the appearance of the parasitic Flood more terrifying and unexpected.^[12]

Scientific analysis

The five Lagrangian points in a two-body system. For Halo, the gas giant is the yellow circle, the lone moon is the blue circle, and the ringworld is positioned at L₁.

Physicist Kevin R. Grazier, Ph.D, posited in a 2006 essay the composition and problems associated with a Halo installation. The complete Halos seen in Halo: Combat Evolved and Halo 2 orbit gas giants similar to Jupiter, though much larger; the bodies exhibit characteristics of both a jovian planet and a small star.^[14] In each system, there are five points where a body of negligible mass would remain stationary to the two much larger bodies in the system, the gas giant and its moon. These areas, known as Lagrange points, are classified by stability; while bodies at 60° angles to the gas giant would remain in the same location relative to the other objects in the system, the other three Lagrange points are meta-stable, having the tendency to be unstable in one direction. As the Halos are located at point L₁, the installations must actively correct its orbit.^[15] The apparent gravity of the Halo installations is close to Earth normal. A Halo would have to spin with a tangental speed of 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) per second to match Earth's gravity, translating to 19.25 rotations in a day.^[16]

Aside from its unstable position, Halos would have to contend with thousands of meteor and micrometeor impacts which would destabilize or destroy the ring; there is no evidence in the games that the installations project an energy shield to prevent this occurrence.^[14] Because of the magnetic environment around the gas giant, a Halo would be exposed to high levels of radiation.^[17] Earth is protected from such radiation by charged particles created by the planet's magnetic field. Grazier posits that huge conductive cables could run the circumference of a Halo; when an electrical current was run through these cables, a protective magnetic environment could be created to sustain life.^[18]

In the games, spectroscopic analysis of the ring's composition proved "inconclusive", implying that the Halos are constructed of an unknown material (unobtainium). Were a Halo to be constructed using conventional materials a light steel alloy would be most feasible. Assuming that the ring structure is 50% empty space, a 5000 km ring composed of steel alloy at an average density of 7.7 grams (0.27 oz) per 1 cubic centimeter (0.061 cu in) would result in a total mass of 1.7x10¹⁷ kg.^[4] The amount of material required to build such a ring would be akin to the total material available in the asteroid belt.^[19]

Installations

Installation 04

See also: Halo: Combat Evolved

Installation 04, also referred to as Alpha Halo, appears in Halo: Combat Evolved. The majority of gameplay takes place in areas on this installation, and its exploration drives the story.^[20] The ring is managed by an artificial intelligence known as 343 Guilty Spark, and is located in the Soell system, dominated by a gas giant known as Threshold.^[21] Halo orbits Threshold's only satellite, an extremely large moon known as Basis.^[14] A group of humans aboard the ship Pillar of Autumn crash-land on the ring after being pursued by the alien Covenant.^[22] The ring holds religious significance to the aliens, while the humans believe it is a weapon that could turn the tide of the war against the Covenant in their favor.^[20] In reality, the ring is home to a virulent parasite called the Flood, which are accidentally released by the Covenant and threaten to infest the galaxy. The human soldier Master Chief eventually detonates the Pillar of Autumn's reactors in order to destabilize the ring and cause it to break up, preventing the spread of the Flood and the activation of the Halo network, which would kill all sentient life as a fail-safe to starve the Flood.^[23] During the game's events, Guilty Spark alludes to a previous firing of the network, which Bungie's director of cinematics Joseph Staten said occurred around 100,000 years previous to the events of the game in the year 2552.^[24]

Installation 05

See also: Halo 2

During the events of Halo 2, the Covenant and humans discover a second ringworld, Installation 05, or Delta Halo. The Covenant leadership wants to activate the installation, believing it is the key to their salvation.^[25] At the same time, the Flood, led by an intelligence known as the Gravemind, lay siege to the Covenant's city-ship, High Charity. After convincing the Arbiter, a Covenant holy warrior, the danger that the Halos truly represent, a group of humans and Covenant prevent the firing of the ring.^[26] The unexpected shutdown activates a fail-safe protocol, priming the remaining Halo installations for remote activation from a location known as the Ark.^[27]

The Ark

See also: Halo 3

The Ark, also referred to as Installation 00, is located outside the Milky Way galaxy and serves as the construction and control station for the Halo weapon system. During Halo 3, the Covenant discover a portal on Earth that leads to the Ark and are pursued by the humans and a breakaway faction of Covenant opposed to activating the rings. Gravemind, having hijacked High Charity, also crash-lands on the installation. The remote firing of the rings is halted by Master Chief and the Arbiter. In order to end the threat of the Flood, Master Chief decides to activate a Halo under construction in The Ark, a replacement for the one that he destroyed in Halo: Combat Evolved. The firing tears apart the incomplete Halo and heavily damages the Ark as Master Chief, Cortana, and the Arbiter try to escape through the Portal, which closes as they enter, leaving Master Chief and Cortana drifting in space while the Arbiter returns to Earth successfully.

See also

• Bishop Ring (habitat)
• Orbital (The Culture)

Notes

1. ^ Grazier (2006), 39–40.
2. ^ Hiatt (1999), 94–96.
3. ^ Gillen (2000), 45.
4. ^ ^{a b} Grazier (2006), 41.
5. ^ ^{a b} McLaughlin (2007), 1.
6. ^ ^{a b} Jarrard, et al (2008).
7. ^ Perry (2006), 6.
8. ^ Trautmann (2004), ix.
9. ^ Trautmann (2004), 73.
10. ^ Toyama (2001), 61.
11. ^ Preston (2000), 19.
12. ^ ^{a b} Bungie.
13. ^ Lehto, et al (2002).
14. ^ ^{a b c} Grazier (2006), 44–45.
15. ^ Grazier (2006), 46.
16. ^ Grazier (2006), 49.
17. ^ Grazier (2006), 47.
18. ^ Grazier (2006), 48.
19. ^ Grazier (2006), 42.
20. ^ ^{a b} Trautmann (2004), 77.
21. ^ Grazier (2006), 43.
22. ^ Trautmann (2004), viii.
23. ^ Barrat (2007), 2.
24. ^ McLees, et al (2006).
25. ^ "Cortana: That's what I thought he said. The Prophet of Regret is planning to activate Halo! / Master Chief: Are you sure? / Prophet of Regret: I shall light this sacred ring, release its cleansing flame, and burn a path into the divine beyond! / Cortana: Pretty much."—Bungie. Halo 2. (Microsoft Game Studios). Level/area: Regret. (2004)
26. ^ Barrat (2007), 3.
27. ^ "343 Guilty Spark: Fail-safe protocol: in the event of unexpected shut-down, the entire system will move to standby status. All installations are now ready for remote activation. / Keyes: Remote activation? From here? / 343 Guilty Spark: Don't be ridiculous. [...] the Ark, of course."—Bungie. Halo 2. (Microsoft). Level/area: The Great Journey. (2004)

References

• Barratt, Charlie (2007-09-22). "Halo: The Story So Far". GamesRadar. pp. 1–4. http://www.gamesradar.com/xbox360/f/halo-the-story-so-far/a-20070921163121627052/g-2005000000000000000350. Retrieved 2009-04-19. 
• Buckell, Tobias, ed (2009). Halo Encyclopedia. DK Publishing. ISBN 0756655498. 
• Bungie (2006-02-10). "One Million Years B.X.". Bungie.net. Archived from the original on 2006-02-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20060210224125/http://www.bungie.net/News/TopStory.aspx?story=prexboxhistory040904. Retrieved 2009-07-17. 
• Gillen, Kieron (July 2000). "Halo, Beautiful". PC Gamer UK: 45. 
• Hiatt, Jesse (November 1999). "Halo; the closest thing to the real thing". Computer Gaming World: 94–96. 
• Jarrard, Brian; Luke Smith (2008-08-21). "Bungie Podcast: 08/21/08; With Paul Russel and Jerome Simpson". Bungie.net. http://www.bungie.net/Inside/content.aspx?link=bungiepodcasttime. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 
• Lehto, Marcus; Martin O'Donnell; Robert McClees; Paul Russell (2002). Evolution of Halo. Electronic Entertainment Expo: Bungie. http://www.bungie.org/evolutionlargemirrors/. Retrieved 2008-04-15. 
• McLaughlin, Rus (2007-09-20). "IGN Presents The History of Halo". IGN. pp. 1–3. http://retro.ign.com/articles/821/821618p1.html. Retrieved 2008-11-01. 
• McLees, Robert; Frank O'Connor; Joseph Staten (2006-08-01). "HBO interview with Joseph Staten". Halo.Bungie.Org. http://halosm.bungie.org/story/staten083106.html. Retrieved 2008-05-01. 
• Perry, Douglass C (2006-05-17). "The Influence of Literature and Myth in Videogames". IGN. pp. 1–6. http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/704/704806p6.html. Retrieved 2009-03-19. 
• Preston, Jim (August 2000). "Scoop!; Halo". PC Gamer: 19. 
• Toyama, Kevin (May 2001). "Cover Story: Holy Halo". Next Generation Magazine: 61. 
• Trautmann, Eric (2004). The Art of Halo. New York: Del Ray Publishing. ISBN 0345475860. 
• Grazier, Kevin (2006). "Halo Science 101". In Glenn Yeffeth. Halo Effect: The Unauthorized Look at the Most Successful Video Game of All Time. Dallas, Texas: BenBella Books. ISBN 1933771119. http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20070502/grazier_01.shtml. 

External links

• The Halo Installations at Halo.Bungie.Org