Sebright (chicken)

The Sebright is a breed of chicken named after its developer, Sir John Saunders Sebright. Created in the 19th century through a selective breeding program designed to produce an ornamental breed, the Sebright is a true bantam, meaning it is a miniature bird with no corresponding large fowl to which it is related.

The first poultry breed to have its own specialist club for enthusiasts, Sebrights were admitted to poultry exhibition standards not long after their establishment. Today, they are among the most popular of bantam breeds. Despite their popularity, Sebrights are often difficult to breed, and the inheritance of certain unique characteristics the breed carries has been studied scientifically. As a largely ornamental chicken, they lay tiny, white eggs and are not kept for meat production.

History

Background

Sir John Saunders Sebright (1767-1846) was the 7th Sebright Baronet, and a Member of Parliament for Hertfordshire. [Lee p. 1108] In addition to breeding chickens,

Charles Darwin read Sir John's 1809 pamphlet, and was impressed with a passage that elaborated on how "the weak and the unhealthy do not live to propagate their infirmities". [Ekarius p. 152] These writings, along with Darwin's correspondence via their mutual friend William Yarrell, [cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-613.html |title=Letter 613 Darwin, C. R. to Yarrell, William, [5 or 12 Sept 1842] |accessdate=2008-04-12 |work=Darwin Correspondence Project ] aided Darwin in the inception of Darwin's theory of natural selection. [Ekarius p. 152] Darwin's seminal work "On the Origin of Species", first published in 1859, cited Sir John's experiments in pigeon breeding, [harvnb|Darwin|1859|p= [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F373&pageseq=35 20] .] and recalled "That most skilful breeder, Sir John Sebright, used to say, with respect to pigeons, that 'he would produce any given feather in three years, but it would take him six years to obtain head and beak.'" [harvnb|Darwin|1859|p= [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F373&pageseq=46 31] .] Darwin also cited Sir John extensively regarding the Sebright bantam, as well as pigeon and dog breeding, in his 1868 work "Variation of Plants and Animals Under Domestication", his 1871 "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex", and his book on "Natural Selection" (which was not published in his lifetime). [cite web |url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/search-results?freetext=Sebright |title=The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online |accessdate=2008-04-11]

Development

With the breed that carries his name, John Sebright intentionally set out to create a very small bantam chicken with laced plumage similar to the laced variety of Polish chickens. [Ekarius p. 152] Although the exact makeup of the breed is uncertain, he is thought to have crossed British, Hamburgh, Nankin and Polish birds with a base of Rosecombs before achieving a laced chicken that would breed true. [Ekarius p. 152-153] [Graham p. 144] After the breed's establishment circa 1810, Sebright founded The Sebright Bantam Club, which was the very first individual breed association for chickens. [Graham p. 144] The breed has appeared in the American Poultry Association's "Standard of Perfection" since the first edition in 1874. Today, the breed is one of the ten most popular bantam chickens, according to the American Bantam Association. [Ekarius p. 153]

Characteristics

In accordance with the intentions of their creator, the Sebright is an ornamental chicken, and is common in competitive poultry showing. As a true bantam, all Sebrights are very small in stature; males weigh an average of 22 ounces (625 grams) and females 20 oz. (570 g.). Their short backs, proportionally large breasts, and downward–pointing wings combine to create an angular, jaunty look. [Graham p. 145] All Sebrights have plumage that is laced around the edges evenly with black, on a base of either dark gold or whitish silver. Sebrights have unfeathered legs with slate–blue skin, and their beaks are ideally a dark horn color. Sebright roosters carry a rose comb covered with fine points, and a small spike that sweeps back from the head (called a leader). Combs, earlobes and wattles were originally a purplish color, but today are often bright red. [Ekarius p. 153]

Characteristically, Sebrights are only one of a few chicken breeds in which the roosters are hen feathered, meaning they have none of the long, sickle–shaped feathers common in most roosters that appear in the tail, neck and saddle. Due to the unique characteristic hen feathering, molecular biologists have found the Sebright bantam a useful model organism in the study of sex hormones. [cite journal |last=Fredrick |first=George W. |coauthors=Janet F. Noble, Jean D. Wilson |year=1981 |month=July |title=Female Feathering in Sebright Cocks Is Due to Conversion of Testosterone to Estradiol in Skin |journal= Science |volume=213 |issue=4507 |pages=557-559 |id= |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/213/4507/557 |accessdate= 2008-04-20 ] This is because they carry a mutation that causes the tissues of their skin to convert an unusually large amount of male sex hormones ("androgens") into female sex hormones ("estrogens"). [cite journal |last= Matsumine |first=H |coauthors=JD Wilson and MJ McPhaul |year= 1990 |title=Sebright and Campine chickens express aromatase P-450 messenger RNA inappropriately in extraglandular tissues and in skin fibroblasts |journal=Molecular Endocrinology |volume=4 |pages=905-911|url=http://mend.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/4/6/905 |accessdate= 2008-04-20 ] [cite journal |last=Carefoot |first=W.C. |year= 1992 |month=May |title=Inheritance of the lace-tailed laced plumage pattern of the sebright bantam |journal=British Poultry Science |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=297 - 302 |url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a784195188~db=all |accessdate= 2008-04-20 ] Some breeders consider hen feathering to have an adverse effect on the fertility of male Sebrights, and may use roosters that don't carry the trait for breeding purposes, despite their automatic disqualification in shows. [Graham p. 144-145]

Husbandry

Sebrights are neither prolific egg layers, nor outstanding meat birds. They can be difficult to raise, especially for the beginner. Hens rarely go broody and chicks usually have high mortality rates. Adults are generally hardy birds, but are especially susceptible to Marek's disease. [Hobson p. 119] In temperament, Sebrights are friendly, but very active birds. Males are not known to be aggressive, but Sebrights in general are, like most small chickens, somewhat skittish birds. Due to their small size and relatively large wings, they are one of a minority of chicken breeds that retains a strong flying ability. Thus, most keepers keep Sebrights in confinement rather than allowing them to free range. [Graham p. 145]

Notes

References

*Citation | last = Darwin | first = Charles | author-link =Charles Darwin | year = 1859 | title =On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life | edition =1st | publication-place = London | publisher =John Murray | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =2008-04-12

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ee also

* List of chicken breeds

External links

* [http://www.feathersite.com/Poultry/CGP/Sebr/BRKSebrights.html Sebrights] at feathersite.com
* [http://www.mypetchicken.com/Sebright_Bantam-B99.aspx Sebrights] at mypetchicken.com, including additional photos
* Sir John Sebright's " [http://books.google.com/books?id=mYPnBE0eBcEC&pg=PP7&dq=%22sir+john+saunders+sebright%22&as_brr=3&ei=odv_R4bkNJLAsQPAmom2Bw#PPP6,M1 Observations upon Hawking] " (published 1826)