Gerald Zaltman

Gerald Zaltman is the Joseph C. Wilson Professor Emeritus at Harvard Business School and the author and editor of 20 books, most recently "How Customers Think" (2003) and "Marketing Metaphoria" (2008). In 1997 he founded the market research consulting firm Olson Zaltman Associates in partnership with Jerry C. Olson, Professor of Marketing Emeritus, Smeal College of Business at Penn State. Zaltman patented, the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique, a method used to delve into the unconscious thinking that drives behavior. [cite web|title=Gerald Zaltman Harvard Business School official biography|url=http://drfd.hbs.edu/fit/public/facultyInfo.do?facInfo=bio&facEmId=gzaltman]

Zaltman's academic specialization is in innovation, social change, and the representation of thought, which is expressed in a variety of publications throughout his career.

=Education=
* 1960 AB degree in government from Bates College
* 1962 MBA degree from the University of Chicago
* 1968 Doctoral degree in sociology from Johns Hopkins University

=Work=
* 1968-1975 Faculty at Northwestern University’s Kellogg School of Management
* 1975-1991 Faculty at University of Pittsburgh
* 1991 Joined Harvard Business School Faculty
* 1993-1997 Director, Seeing the Voice of the Customer Laboratory at Harvard Business School
* 1995 Patented the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET)
* 1997-2003 Co-Director, Mind of the Market Laboratory at Harvard Business School
* 1998-2000 Member of executive committee of Harvard University’s Mind, Brain, and Behavior Interfaculty Initiative
* 1997 Founded consulting firm Olson Zaltman Associates with Jerry C. Olson
* 2000 Patented the use of Neuroimaging as a marketing tool
* 2001 Patented the use of Metaphor elicitation technique with physiological function monitoring
* 2003 Authored "How Customers Think: Essential Insights into the Mind of the Market", which has been translated in 15 languages.
* 2008 Co-authored "Marketing Metaphoria: What Deep Metaphors Reveal about the Minds of Consumers" with Lindsay Zaltman

=Awards=
* 1989 American Marketing Association's Richard D. Irwin Distinguished Marketing Educator Award
* 1990 The Association for Consumer Research Distinguished Fellow Award
* 1992 The Knowledge Utilization Society's Thomas J. Kiresuk Award for Excellence in Scientific Research
* 2000 JAI Press Distinguished Scholar Award from the Society for Marketing Advances
* 2007 The Advertising Research Foundation Member Recognition Award
* 2008 Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Buck Weaver Award sponsored by General Motors for outstanding work in bringing knowledge and practice together

Deep Metaphors

Deep metaphors are unconscious "basic orienting structures of human thought" that affect how people process and react to information or a stimulus. They manifest themselves in surface metaphors used in everyday language and conversation; when grouped they constitute clues to what deep metaphor a person is using to frame or understand a topic (see Framing (social sciences)). Deep metaphors can be used in a marketing context to help marketers communicate more effectively to consumers about a brand, product, or topic with the same viewing lens, or deep metaphor, their consumers are already using. [cite web|title=Gerald Zaltman Harvard Business School statement of research|url=http://drfd.hbs.edu/fit/public/facultyInfo.do;jsessionid=HRN2LrnRclyLby4Gyb8z107J4pDhkwbJyyMTttN2Q2YsXLZRTtSm!-303248922!1920814862?facInfo=res&facEmId=gzaltman%40hbs.edu]

Cognitive linguists have written about the relationship between metaphor and its impact on the mind, specifically George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in "Metaphors We Live By" [Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. "Metaphors We Live By." Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1980)] and Zoltan Kovecses in "Metaphor: A Practical Introduction." [Kovecses, Zoltan. "Metaphor: A Practical Introduction." New York: Oxford University Press (2002)] . In Zaltman's book, "Marketing Metaphoria", he outlines what he calls the seven giants or the most basic and most recurring deep metaphors : journey, balance, container, connection, resource, control, and transformation. There are others such as force and paradox which are less common. [cite web|title=Zaltman, Gerald. "Marketing Metaphoria." Boston: Harvard Business Press (2008)|url=http://www.amazon.com/Marketing-Metaphoria-Metaphors-Reveal-Consumers/dp/1422121151/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205763706&sr=8-1]

Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique

Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique is the first patented market research tool in the United States. Patent #5436830 was issued on July 25, 1995. ZMET is a technique designed to elicit metaphors using a series of steps and non-directive probing. [cite web|title=Google Patent Search for Patent #5436830 |url=http://www.google.com/patents?id=WesaAAAAEBAJ&dq=5436830]

Origin and Patent

ZMET was born during a trip Zaltman took to remote areas of Nepal in 1990. He gave locals, who had never taken photos before, cameras to take pictures of important things and events in their lives. For example, in some cases, the assignment was: What photos would you take if you wanted to show someone else what life was like here? Two weeks later he returned to the regions covered initially, gave copies to the photographers, and interviewed them about the meaning of their photos. Zaltman realized just how powerful the use of images “owned” by those being interviewed were in gaining a deep understanding of their implicit or tacit assumptions and beliefs. Zaltman noticed, for example, that they often cut off the feet of people appearing in their images. It was discovered that this was deliberate. The Nepalese did not want to embarrass their friends and neighbors by showing their bare feet, which was a sign of poverty, and for this reason deliberately chose to leave it out of the photographic record. [cite web|title=Eakin, Emily. “Penetrating the Mind by Metaphor” "New York Times" (February 23, 2002).|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E6DB103EF930A15751C0A9649C8B63&scp=1&sq=penetrating+the+mind+by+metaphor&st=nyt]

Development

Zaltman began to wonder how this kind of insight could be used to gather consumer insights. In 1993, he formed the Seeing the Voice of the Customer Lab at Harvard Business School, and, in 1997, it was renamed the Mind of the Market Lab.

ZMET draws on a variety of disciplines including neurobiology, psychology, semiotics, linguistics, and art theory to elicit metaphors that can reveal how a person conceptualizes a given topic. Metaphors are a way of learning or understanding a new piece of information by comparing it to a known piece of information (see Conceptual metaphor). [cite web|title=Pink, Daniel. “Metaphor Marketing” "Fast Company" 14, (April: May 1998): 215-229. |url= http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/14/zaltman.html]

Variety of Applications

ZMET focuses on explaining the "why" behind the "what" of consumer behavior, allowing it to be used in a variety of applications from product development to communications evaluation. Increasingly, it is being used to address issues faced by non profit organizations and to address organizational matters. [cite web|title=Carbone, Lou. "Clued In: How to Keep Customers Coming Back Again and Again." Upper Saddle River, NJ: Financial Times Prentice Hall (2004): 140-141, 254. |url=http://www.amazon.com/Clued-Keep-Customers-Coming-Again/dp/0131015508]

Other Patents

Neuroimaging as a Marketing Tool

Patent #6099319 was issued on August 8, 2000 to Gerald Zaltman and Stephen Kosslyn on "neuroimaging as a means for validating whether a stimulus such as advertisement, communication, or product evokes a certain mental response such as emotion, preference, or memory, or to predict the consequences of the stimulus on later behavior such as consumption or purchasing." [cite web|title=Google Patent Search for Patent #6099319 |url=http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT6099319]

Metaphor Elicitation Technique with Physiological Function Monitoring

Patent #6315569 was issued on November 13, 2001 to protect the right for using:

a metaphor elicitation technique in conjunction with physiological function monitoring to elicit, organize, and analyze data pertaining to a research topic. This data provides further insight and understanding which can be used in creating an appropriate marketing campaign for a product, improving inter-office communications and determining the presence of pre-existing biases or beliefs. [cite web|title=Google Patent Search for Patent #6315569 |url=http://www.google.com/patents?id=Y68HAAAAEBAJ&dq=6315569]

elected Publications

Books

*Zaltman, G. and L. Zaltman, "Marketing Metaphoria: What Deep Metaphors Reveal about the Minds of Consumers" (2008).
*Zaltman, Gerald. "How Customers Think: Essential Insights into the Mind of the Markets". Boston: Harvard Business School Press (2003).
*Barabba, V., and G. Zaltman. "Hearing the Voice of the Market: Competitive Advantage Through Creative Use of Market Information." Boston: Harvard Business School Press (1991).

elected Articles

Zaltman, G. and D. MacCaba, “Metaphor in Advertising.” "The SAGE Handbook of Advertising" (2007): 135-154. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1412918863]

Zaltman, G. and L. Zaltman, “What Do ‘Really Good’ Managers and ‘Really Good’ Researchers’ Want of One Another?” "The Handbook of Marketing Research: Uses, Misuses, and Future Advances" (2006): 33-48.

Braun-Latour, Kathryn A., and Gerald Zaltman. "Memory Change: An Intimate Measure of Persuasion." "Journal of Advertising Research" (March 2006): 57-72. [http://www.warc.com/LandingPages/Generic/Results.asp?Ref=77]

Mast, Fred W., and Gerald Zaltman. "A Behavioral Window on the Mind of the Market: An Application of the Response Time Paradigm." "Brain Research Bulletin" 67, no. 5 (November 2005): 422-427.

Coulter, Robin A., Gerald Zaltman, and Keith S. Coulter. "Interpreting Consumer Perceptions of Advertising: An Application of the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique." "Journal of Advertising" (winter 2001).

Zaltman, Gerald. "Consumer Researchers: Take a Hike!" "Journal of Consumer Research" 26, no. 4 (March 2000): 423-428.

Rangan, V. K., Das Narayandas, and Gerald Zaltman. "The Pedagogy of Executive Education in Business Markets." "Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing" (fall 1998).

Zaltman, Gerald. "Rethinking Market Research: Putting People Back In." "Journal of Marketing Research" 34, no. 4 (November 1997).

Zaltman, Gerald. "Metaphorically Speaking." "Marketing Research" 8, no. 2 (summer 1996).

Venkatesh, R., A. J. Kohli, and Gerald Zaltman. "Influence Strategies in Buying Centers." "Journal of Marketing" 59, no. 4 (October 1995): 71-82. Zaltman, Gerald, and R. Coulter. "Seeing the Voice of the Customer: Metaphor-based Advertising Research." "Journal of Advertising Research" 35, no. 4 (July-August 1995): 35-51.

Moorman, C., R. Deshpande, and G. Zaltman. "Factors Affecting Trust in Market Research Relationships." "Journal of Marketing" 57, no. 1 (January, 1993): 81-101.

Moorman, C., G. Zaltman, and Rohit Deshpandé. "Relationships between Providers and Users of Market Research: The Dynamics of Trust within and between Organizations." "Journal of Marketing Research" 29, no. 3 (August 1992): 314-28.

=See also=
Conceptual blending

Co-creation

Conceptual metaphor

Social marketing

Notes

Articles on Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique

Edwards, Jim. “Spotlight Flashback: Why Buy? Researchers seek An Answer” "Brandweek" (September 10, 2007). [http://www.brandweek.com/bw/news/spotlight/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003637541]

Szegedy-Maszak, Marianne. “Mysteries of the Mind” "US News and World Report" (February 28, 2005): 53-61. [http://health.usnews.com/usnews/health/articles/050228/28think.htm]

Wieners, Brad. “Getting Inside- Way Inside- Your Customer’s Head” "Business 2.0" (April 2003): 54-55. [http://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/04/01/339830/index.htm]

Christensen, Glenn L. and Jerry Olson. “Mapping Consumers’ Mental Models with ZMET” "Psychology and Marketing" 19, 6 (June 2002): 477-502. [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/93518854/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0]

=External links= Gerald Zaltman Harvard Business School [http://drfd.hbs.edu/fit/public/facultyInfo.do?facInfo=bio&facEmId=gzaltman&loc=extn]

Jerry C. Olson Penn State [http://php.smeal.psu.edu/smeal/dirbio/displayBio.php?t_user_id=jco]

Video of Gerald Zaltman talking about Deep Metaphors and a ZMET interview [http://conversationstarter.hbsp.com/2008/07/why_i_underwent_psychoanalysis.html]

Q and A with Gerald Zaltman [http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/3246.html]

Olson Zaltman Associates homepage [http://www.olsonzaltman.com]