Kristiansten Fortress

Infobox Military Structure
name=Kristiansten festning
location=Trondheim, Norway


caption=
built=1681-1685
materials=
used=
type=
controlled by=Norway
garrison=
commanders=
battles=Swedish invasion 1718

Kristiansten Fortress (old spelling "Christiansten Fortress", "Kristiansten Festning" in Norwegian) is located on a hill east of Trondheim, Norway. It was built after the city fire of Trondheim in 1681 to protect the city against attack from the east. Constructed finished in 1685. It fulfilled its purpose in 1718 when Swedish forces lay siege of Trondheim. The fortress was decommissioned in 1816 by king Charles John.

Construction

Trondheim was traditionally protected fortifications by the river Nidelven and Skansen, but the city was vulnerable to attack from the east. The Fortress was therefore put on a hill to protect the city centre and control the area from Ila to Lade. General Johan Caspar von Cicignon, who was chief inspector of Norwegian fortifications, was responsible for the new town plan of Trondheim after the great fire of April 18, 1681. He also made the plans for the erection of Kristiansten Fortress.cite book|author=Kavli, Guthorm |title=Norges festninger|publisher=Universitetsforlaget |year=1987|id=82-00-18430-7] cite book|author=Gjerset, Knut |title=History of the Norwegian People, Volumes I & II|publisher=The MacMillan Company|year=1915|id=ISBN none] cite book|author=Stagg, Frank Noel|title=The Heart of Norway |publisher=George Allen & Unwin, Ltd.|year=1953|id=ISBN none] The fortress was built during the period from 1682 to 1684 and strengthened to a complete defence fortification in 1691 by building an advanced post Kristiandsands bastion in the east and in 1695 with the now vanished Møllenberg skanse by the river Nidelven. These fortifications were encircled by a continuous palisade and thereby connected to the fortified city. In 1750 the fortress was modernized with new bastions and casemates to protect against mortar artillery. Two new isolated defensive works were also built to the east - Grüners and Frølichs redutt - but they are hardly visible todayKristiansten Festning plackard] .

The main building featured in the picture is the defensive tower - Donjonen - with artillery, quartering and stores was the centre of the defences. After decommissioning in 1816 it was location of the fire watch, and since 1997 as a museum.

Great Northern War

In the final days of the Great Northern War, Karl XII of Sweden initiated a second invasion of Norway in the fall of 1718. While Karl XII led his main army in an attack from the south at Fredrikshald, an army under General Carl Gustaf Armfeldt (or Armfelt) was sent into Trøndelag to seize Trondheim. Armfeldt advanced against Trondheim, which was defended by an army of 6,900 men under Vincens Budde. The Swedish forces were resisted both by Norwegian forces and by the people of the countryside, who bitterly recalled the previous Swedish occupation of Trøndelag. Provisions were not available, and the Norwegian winter set in. Although he reached the city and laid siege, the strength of Kristiansten Fortress and other fortifications was such that he chose to retreat toward Verdal. Karl XII issued a sharp rebuke and ordered Armfeldt to take Trondheim. Although Armfeldt's forces surrounded Trondheim, Budde's forces were able to keep him at bay. Camping in the open and poorly fed, many of Armfeldt's troops fell ill and his capable forces were reduced to 4000 men. When Karl XII was killed in December by a bullet at Fredriksten Fortress, Armfeldt's forces retreated to Sweden. On their way back across the mountains, almost the entire army was lost, mostly because of snow, cold temperature and a strong blizzard; the retreat has been likened to Napoleon’s from Moscow for the severity of casualties. cite book|author=Frost, Robert I.|title=The Northern Wars; 1558-1721|publisher=Longman, Harlow, England|year=2000|id=0-582-06429-5]

The 20th Century

[
Gun salute on December 4, 2005 celebrating Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway who was born the previous day]

The Norwegian war flag with the badge denoting the union with Sweden was hauled down on June 9, 1905, and the ‘pure’ war flag was hoisted instead, with full military honours and gun salutes for both flags. On November 18, 1905 a twenty-one gun salute was again fired from Kristiansten Fortress to proclaim the election of Prince Carl of Denmark as the new King of Norway under the name of Haakon VII of Norway. The flag of union with Sweden was hauled down and that of Norway hoisted.

During German occupation of Norway in WWII the Nazis executed a number of Norwegian patriots at Kristiansten.

The fortress was the official place of execution of convicted and condemned traitors and war criminals following the legal purge in Norway after World War II. The notorious Henry Rinnan was executed here on February 1, 1947, and nine of his followers afterwards, eight of them on the same day in 1947.

View

From this fortress you can see where the waterline was for old time. The "line" can be seen stretching out in the hills around Trondheim, but is best seen from the fortress, towards Byåsen. [The land in Norway is still rebounding from the enormous weight of the glacial ice (isostatic rebound), "growing out of the sea" with several mm a year, especially the eastern part of the country and the inner part of the long fjords, where the ice cover was thickest. This is a slow process, thus the sea covered substantial areas of what is today dry land for thousands of years following the end of the ice age. The sea formerly reached an elevation 180 m higher in Trondheim.]

References and notes

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External links

*no icon [http://kristiansten-festning.no Kristiansten Festning]