United States Senate election in South Carolina, 1938

The 1938 South Carolina United States Senate election was held on November 8, 1938 to select the U.S. Senator from the state of South Carolina. Incumbent Democratic Senator Ellison D. Smith defeated Governor Olin D. Johnston in the Democratic primary. The general election was contested, but a victory by Smith was never in doubt.

Democratic primary

Senator Ellison D. Smith was marked by President Franklin D. Roosevelt for defeat because he had vociferously opposed many policies of the New Deal. Governor Olin D. Johnston announced at the Whitehouse that he was going to challenge Smith in the Democratic primary and would be fully supportive of every Roosevelt policy. State Senator Edgar Allan Brown also threw his hat into the ring pledging that he would back Roosevelt and would be the most effective candidate in bringing home the bacon.

Johnston's complete backing of Roosevelt earned him the endorsements of several liberal organizations, such as the Labor Nonpartisan League (LNPL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), but these two organizations were frowned upon in South Carolina. They advanced racial integration, advocated labor militancy and were believed to have been controlled by Communists. Smith hammered Johnston for having these ties claiming that Johnston "endorsed the nigger, and went one hundred percent for anything belonging to the New Deal, right or wrong, because he does not have guts to disagree." [Simon, p. 204] Smith then boasted of his endorsement by the racially exclusive American Federation of Labor (AFL) and stress that a vote for Johnston would embolster the CIO to force the employment of blacks in factories alongside whites.

On August 11, Roosevelt's train stopped in Greenville to a crowd of 15,000 with the three candidates aboard. He had spoken the previous day in Georgia against the re-election of Senator Walter F. George and was expected to make an endorsement of Olin Johnston at Greenville. Roosevelt criticized Smith for his 1937 speech in the Senate that South Carolinians were willing to work for fifty cents a day. Yet before Roosevelt could finish his address, the train started to leave. Smith trumpeted up the fact that Roosevelt never explicitly endorsed Johnston and responded to Roosevelt's charge that his Senate speech was taken out of context. Johnston claimed that it was insinuated by Roosevelt whom he supported and he made it clear that he boarded the President's train in Georgia, whereas the other two candidates boarded just outside of Greenville. Brown felt slighted by the President's brief remarks and withdrew from the race on August 27.

Smith was supported by two powerful figures in South Carolina politics: Senator James F. Byrnes and Charleston mayor Burnet Maybank. Byrnes envisioned that Smith would retire in 1944 and his friend Maybank, having served a term as governor, would take the seat. He felt that he could work much better with Maybank and that the two of them could build a political machine to control the state. [Simon, p. 212]

The primary election was held on August 30 and Smith won a commanding victory over Johnston. In order to win, Johnston needed to rack up huge margins in the Upstate, but the two candidates broke even. Smith overwhelmingly won in the rural areas because Johnston's constant emphasis of his labor roots made the agriculture voters feel that he did not care about their interests. [Simon, p. 215]

General election campaign

Despite a Republican candidate being nominated for the general election contest, there was never any possibility that Smith would be defeated. The Republican Party was nothing more than a patronage institution and at the time was widely despised by the South Carolinians for bringing destruction to the state during Reconstruction.

General election results

Election box candidate with party link
party = Democratic Party (United States)
candidate = Ellison D. Smith
votes = 45,351
percentage = 98.9
change = +0.8Election box candidate with party link
party = Republican Party (United States)
candidate = J.D.E. Meyer
votes = 508
percentage = 1.1
change = -0.8Election box candidate
party = "No party"
candidate = Write-Ins
votes = 2
percentage = 0.0
change = 0.0Election box majority
votes = 44,843
percentage = 97.8
change = +1.6Election box turnout
votes = 45,861
percentage =
change =
colspan=5 |Democratic hold
-

frame|300px|none|1938 South Carolina U.S. Senate county map

ee also

*List of United States Senators from South Carolina
*United States Senate elections, 1938
*United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1938
*South Carolina gubernatorial election, 1938

Notes

References

*cite book | last = Jordan | first = Frank E | title = The Primary State: A History of the Democratic Party in South Carolina, 1876-1962 | pages = pp. 75
*"Supplemental Report of the Secretary of State to the General Assembly of South Carolina." "Report of the State Officers Boards and Committees to the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina". Volume I. Columbia, SC: 1939, p. 6.
*cite book | last = Simon | first = Bryant | title=A Fabric of Defeat: The Politics of South Carolina Millhands, 1910-1948 | publisher = University of North Carolina Press| year= 1998 | id=ISBN 0-8078-4704-6 | pages=pp. 203-218
*cite news | title=50 | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789131-1,00.html | publisher=Time | date=1938-08-29 | accessdate=2008-03-03