United States Senate election in South Carolina, 1944

The 1944 South Carolina United States Senate election was held on November 7, 1944 to select the U.S. Senator from the state of South Carolina. Incumbent Democratic Senator Ellison D. Smith was defeated in the Democratic primary by Governor Olin D. Johnston. The general election was contested, but a victory by Johnston was never in doubt.

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Democratic primary

By 1944, Ellison D. Smith had served 35 years in the Senate and was approaching his 80th birthday. He was an ardent foe of the New Deal in the Senate and opposed almost every policy of President Roosevelt. His opponent in the previous Senate election was Governor Olin D. Johnston, who challenged him once again in the Democratic primary. While Johnston was fully supportive of the New Deal in 1938, he had moderated his position towards Roosevelt's domestic policies in 1944.

Smith had campaigned over the years on a two plank platform: keep the negroes down and the price of cotton up. Yet Johnston was able seize the mantle of white supremacy from Smith in 1944. The Supreme Court had decided early in the year in the case Smith v. Allwright that primary elections must be open to all, regardless of race. Johnston, as governor, had called the General Assembly into session to make the South Carolina Democratic Party a private club so that it could restrict its primaries to white voters. Thus on the campaign trail Johnston was able to prove to the voters that he had acted during a time of crisis to save the Democratic primary from the blacks. Furthermore, Johnston's youthful appearance contrasted sharply with Smith's aged and tired persona. The voters were shocked when Smith failed to deliver a full speech and instead played a recording of a speech he had made six years prior.

General election campaign

Winning the Democratic primary was tantamount to winning the general election, so Johnston was virtually assured of becoming the next Senator from South Carolina. The South Carolina Republican Party was controlled by the lily white faction and they nominated James B. Gaston as their candidate. The Tolbert black and tan faction was rebuffed by the national Republican Party, but they proceeded to nominate B.L. Hendrix for the election. Many of the black civil rights leaders of the state decided to form their own political party in response to the state Democratic party becoming a private entity. Their party, called the Progressive Democratic Party, nominated Osceola E. McKaine for the Senate election with the sole purpose of motivating blacks in the state to register and vote.

General election results

Election box candidate with party link
party = Democratic Party (United States)
candidate = Olin D. Johnston
votes = 94,556
percentage = 93.0
change = -5.9Election box candidate with party link
party = Republican Party (United States)
candidate = James B. Gaston
votes = 3,807
percentage = 3.7
change = N/A
-
bgcolor="#00FFFF"
Progressive Democratic
Osceola E. McKaine
align="right" | 3,214
align="right" | 3.2
align="right" | +3.2
-
bgcolor="#FF3333"
Republican (Tolbert)
B.L. Hendrix
align="right" | 141
align="right" | 0.1
align="right" | N/A
-Election box candidate
party = "No party"
candidate = Write-Ins
votes = 18
percentage = 0.0
change = 0.0Election box majority
votes = 90,749
percentage = 89.3
change = -8.5Election box turnout
votes = 101,736
percentage =
change =
colspan=5 |Democratic hold
-

frame|300px|none|1944 South Carolina U.S. Senate election map, by percentile by county.

ee also

*List of United States Senators from South Carolina
*United States Senate elections, 1944
*United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1944

References

*cite book | last = Jordan | first = Frank E | title = The Primary State: A History of the Democratic Party in South Carolina, 1876-1962 | pages = pp. 77-78
*"Supplemental Report of the Secretary of State to the General Assembly of South Carolina." "Reports and Resolutions of South Carolina to the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina". Volume I. Columbia, SC: 1945, p. 10.
*cite news | title=Curtains for Cotton Ed | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,886159-1,00.html | publisher=Time | date=1944-08-07 | accessdate=2008-02-24