Oxygen bar

Interior of an oxygen bar

An oxygen bar is an establishment, or part of one, that sells oxygen for recreational use. Individual flavored scents may be added to enhance the experience. The flavors in an oxygen bar come from bubbling oxygen through bottles containing aromatic solutions before it reaches the nostrils: most bars use food-grade particles to produce the scent, but some bars use aroma oils.^[1][2]

History

In 1776, Thomas Henry, an apothecary and Fellow of the Royal Society of England speculated tongue in cheek that Joseph Priestly’s newly discovered dephlogisticated air (now called oxygen) might become “as fashionable as French wine at the fashionable taverns”. He did not expect, however, that tavern goers would “relish calling for a bottle of Air, instead of Claret” ^[3]

Another early reference to the recreational use of oxygen is found in Jules Verne's 1870 novel Around the Moon. In this work Verne states "Do you know, my friends, that a curious establishment might be founded with rooms of oxygen, where people whose system is weakened could for a few hours live a more active life. Fancy parties where the room was saturated with this heroic fluid, theaters where it should be kept at high pressure; what passion in the souls of the actors and spectators! what fire, what enthusiasm! And if, instead of an assembly only a whole people could be saturated, what activity in its functions, what a supplement to life it would derive. From an exhausted nation they might make a great and strong one, and I know more than one state in old Europe which ought to put itself under the regime of oxygen for the sake of its health!"

Modeled after the "air stations" in polluted downtown Tokyo and Beijing, the first official oxygen bar (the O2 Spa Bar) opened in Toronto, Canada, in 1996. The trend continued in North America and by the late 1990s bars were in use in New York, California, Florida, Las Vegas and the Rocky Mountain region. Customers in these bars breathe oxygen through a plastic hose inserted into their nostrils.^[4] Oxygen bars can now be found in many venues such as nightclubs, salons, spas, health clubs, resorts, tanning salons, restaurants, coffee houses, bars, airports, ski chalets, yoga studios, chiropractors, and casinos. They can also be found at trade shows, conventions and corporate meetings, as well as at private parties and promotional events.

Provision of oxygen

Oxygen Bar guests will pay about one U.S. dollar per minute to inhale an increased percentage of oxygen compared to the normal atmospheric content of 20.9% oxygen. This oxygen is produced from the ambient air by an industrial (non-medical) oxygen concentrator and inhaled through a nasal cannula from a few minutes to about 20 minutes.^[5]

The machines used by oxygen bars or oxygen vendors are different from the typical medical-issue machine, though customers use the cannula, the rubber tube apparatus that fits around the ears and inserts in the nostrils, to breathe in the oxygen. Customers can enhance their oxygen experience by using aromatherapy scents to be added to the oxygen, such as lavender or mint.^[6]

Claims

It has been claimed by alternative medicine that the human body is oxygen deprived, and so that more oxygen will remove "toxins" and even cure cancer.^[7] Proponents claim this practice is not only safe, but enhances health and well-being, including strengthening the immune system, enhancing concentration, reducing stress, increasing energy and alertness, lessening the effects of hangovers, headaches, and sinus problems, and generally relaxing the body.^[5] It has also been alleged to help with altitude sickness. However, no long-term, well-controlled scientific studies have confirmed any of the proponents' claims.^[5]

Regulations

In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act defines any substance, used for breathing and administered by another person, as a prescription drug. Melvin Szymanski, a consumer safety officer in the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, has explained that at one end of the hose is a source of oxygen, so the individual providing the hose and turning on the supply is dispensing a prescription drug.^[8]

Although oxygen bars that dispense oxygen without a prescription violate FDA regulations, the agency applies regulatory discretion to permit individual state boards of licensing to enforce the law of dispensing oxygen.^[8]

Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists says that "As health professionals, we cannot ethically or morally support providing oxygen therapy to those who do not require it."^[9]

Precautions

The human body is adapted to 21 percent oxygen, and the blood exiting the lungs already has about 97 percent of the oxygen that it could carry bound to hemoglobin. Having a higher oxygen fraction in the lungs serves no purpose, and may actually be detrimental.^[7] The medical profession warns that individuals with respiratory diseases such as asthma and emphysema should not inhale too much oxygen.^[5] Higher than normal oxygen partial pressure can also indirectly cause carbon dioxide narcosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).^[10] The FDA warns that some flavoring methods use oils, which if used improperly, and droplets are inhaled, might contribute to an inflammation of the lungs. Some oxygen bar companies offer safe water-based aromas for flavoring in order to maintain compliance and stay within FDA guidelines.^[5]

Also, concentrated oxygen is a flame accelerant which should be kept away from cigarettes and other sources of ignition. Oxygen may also cause serious side effects at excessive doses. Although the effects of oxygen toxicity at atmospheric pressure can cause lung damage,^[11] the low fraction of oxygen (30–40%)^{[citation needed]} and relatively brief exposures make pulmonary toxicity unlikely.^[12] Nevertheless, due caution should be exercised when consuming oxygen. In the UK, the Health and Safety Executive publishes guidance on equipment (including tubing) and on staff training, as well as warning on potential hazards, and makes several recommendations to ensure safe practice, principally to minimise fire risks.^[13]

Another concern is the improper maintenance of oxygen equipment. Some oxygen concentrators use clay filters which cause micro-organisms to grow creating an additional danger that can cause lung infections.^[14]

See also

• Carbogen

References

1. ^ Drahl, Carmen. "The Highs and Lows of Oxygen." Chemical and Engineering News 86.45 (2008):64.
2. ^ Dispositif de distribution d'oxygène parfumé aux huiles essentielles à usage unique ou multiple pouvant prendre la forme de bars, de fontaines ou de narguilés - Brevet d'invention N° 07 04583 - INPI (France)
3. ^ Thomas Henry F. R. S. “Essays Physical and Chemical by M. Lavoisier – Translated from the French, with Notes, and an Appendix, by Thomas Henry”, note from The London Review of English and Foreign Literature by W. Kenrick, Vol IV, T. Evans, Pater-Noster-Row, 1776, p 214
4. ^ Altman, Nathaniel. The Oxygen Prescription: The Miracle of Oxidative Therapies. Rochester: Healing, 2007. 313–14
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} Bren, Linda (November 2002). "Oxygen Bars: Is a Breath of Fresh Air Worth It?". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (in FDA Consumer magazine). http://www.mamashealth.com/doc/oxygen.asp. Retrieved 2009-06-26. 
6. ^ Stalling, Ann E., "A breath of fresher air." Ball State Daily News. 27 Feb. 2004:1. http://www.bsudailynews.com/home/search/^{[dead link]}
7. ^ ^{a b} Wanjek, Christopher. "Suffocating Trends: Oxygen Bars and Drinks." LiveScience (2006): 1. 25 June 2009.http://www.livescience.com/health/060418_bad_oxygen.html
8. ^ ^{a b} U.S. Food and Drug Administration. "Oxygen Bars: Healthy or Just Hype." enotalone.com. 28 June 2009: 1–2. http://www.enotalone.com/article/8882.html
9. ^ Sorgen, Carol. "The Rise of Oxygen Bars." WebMD (2002):1-2. http://www.webmd.com/balance/features/rise-of-oxygen-bars
10. ^ Patel, Dharmeshkumar N; Goel, Ashish; Agarwal, SB; Garg, Praveenkumar; Lakhani, Krishna K (July 2003). "Oxygen toxicity" (PDF). Journal, Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine 4 (3): 234–7. http://medind.nic.in/jac/t03/i3/jact03i3p234.pdf. 
11. ^ Clark, John M; Lambertsen, Christian J (1971). "Pulmonary oxygen toxicity: a review". Pharmacological reviews 23 (2): 37–133. PMID 4948324. http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4948324. Retrieved 2008-10-10. 
12. ^ O'Keefe, Michael F et al (c1998). "6 Oxygen Therapy". Brady emergency care. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Brady/Prentice Hall. ISBN 0835950735. 
13. ^ Gregson, Margaret (May 2008). "Review of developments in the use of oxygen". UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE). http://www.hse.gov.uk/foi/internalops/hid/din/557.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-03. 
14. ^ Chavis, Vicki F., "Oxygen Bars - Health Benefit or Hazard." Natural Medicine 9 Apr. 2009: 2