Tallensi

The Tallensi are a tribal people of northern Ghana, numbering a few tens of thousands. They speak Talni, a language or dialect of the Gur branch of the Niger-Congo family, and maintain an agricultural mode of subsistence. The Tallensi homeland is covered by the Tallensi Traditional Area, and consists mainly of open savanna.

Rituals surrounding the first-born son

The Tallensi are polygamous and follow a patrilineal system of kinship and descent. Great emphasis is placed on inheritance and the tensions surrounding parents' relationships with their children. It is considered essential for a man to have a son if he is to achieve fulfillment and be venerated as an ancestor after his death. However, the birth of a first-born son, and to a lesser extent a first-born daughter, is held to mark the culmination of a man's 'rise' in the world, and the start of his decline. Meanwhile, the son grows to replace and supplant the father. The resulting ambivalence between father and son, which is reminiscent of the effects of the Oedipus complex as articulated by Sigmund Freud, plays an important role in Tallensi rituals and taboos.

Taboos begin when the first-born son reaches the age of five or six. From this time on the son may not eat from the same dish as his father, wear his father's cap or tunic, carry his father's quiver, use his father's bow, or look into his father's granary. When the son reaches adolescence, he may not meet his father in the entrance to the house compound. Similar taboos exist to regulate the relationship between mother and first-born daughter. The daughter, for example, may not look into her mother's storage pot.

Upon the death of a father, his first-born son and daughter lead the rituals involved in his funeral. The son, at this point, puts on his father's cap and tunic. A tribal elder, carrying the dead man's bow, ritually guides the son to his father's granary and shows him the inside. After his father's death the son is considered a mature man for the purposes of ritual, and it is his responsibility to make sacrifices to the ancestors, chief among them being his own father, who being recently dead is held to act as an intermediary between those still living and the more remote ancestors.

It is believed that these taboos and rituals serve to channel ambivalence and resentment between generations into culturally defined and culturaly acceptable means of expression.

References

*Fortes, Meyer (1974). "The First Born". "Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry" 15, 81–104.
*Keesing, Roger Martin (1981). "Cultural Anthropology: A Contemporary Perspective" (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-046296-7.
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gur "Farefare"] . "Ethnologue". Retrieved 12 May 2005. The report mentions Talni as a dialect of Farefare.

Further reading

*Fortes, Meyer (1945). "The Dynamics of Clanship among the Tallensi". London: Oxford University Press (for International African Institute).
*Fortes, Meyer (1949). "The Web of Kinship among the Tallensi". London: Oxford University Press (for International African Institute).
*Fortes, Meyer (1959). "Oedipus and Job in West African Religion". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Two reports of a stay among the Tallensi in Gbeogo:
** [http://www.cleovoulou.com/ Cleovoulou, Marios] (June 1998). [http://www.cleovoulou.com/cultdev.htm "How does development affect culture?"] .
**Cleovoulou, Marios (1998). [http://www.cleovoulou.com/newslt98.htm "1998 Newsletter"] .
*Riehl, Volker (2003). "The Dynamics of Peace: role of traditional festivals of the Tallensí in northern Ghana in creating sustainable peace" In: Kröger, F. / B. Meier (ed): Ghana’s North. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang Verlag, 207 - 223
*Riehl, Volker/Christiane Averbeck (1994) "‘Die Erde kommt, die Erde geht’: Zum religiösen Naturverständnis der Tallensi in Nord-Ghana" In: Sociologus, N.F., Bd. 44, 136-148
*Riehl, Volker (1993). "Natur und Gemeinschaft: Sozialanthropologische Untersuchungen zur Gleichheit bei den Tallensi in Nord-Ghana" Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang Verlag
*Riehl, Volker (1989) The Land is Ours: Research on the Land-Use System among the Tallensi in Northern Ghana. In: Cambridge Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 2, 26-42