List of religious ideas in science fiction

This article provides an overview of religious themes in science fiction.

Science fiction (SF) works often present explanations, commentary or use religious themes to convey a broader message. The use of religious themes in the SF genre varies from simple refutations of religion as primitive or unscientific, to creative explanations and new insights into religious experience and beliefs as a way of gaining new perspectives to the human condition (e.g. gods as aliens, prophets as time travelers, metaphysical or prophetic vision gained through technological means, etc. ).The genre of science fiction with respect to the religious thematic schemes can be seen as an open system that can unpack and/or deconstruct (often in a postmodern sense) traditionally closed religious works for example, the relationship between the closed and limited nature of the creation story of Genesis in opposition to the open and expansive nature of the film The Matrix.

As an exploratory medium, SF rarely takes religion at face value by simply accepting or rejecting it. As with many topics in SF, when religious themes are presented they tend to be investigated very deeply. The reader is invited to step outside the conventional understanding of the subject and consider wider possibilities that are often relevant to everyday human experience. Since the genre of SF often deals with humanity’s understanding of itself in the face of great technological and social change -- most SF grapples with questions of a spiritual or religious nature. Consequently the significance of religious themes in SF cannot be understated.

In addition to considering theological or philosophical or ideologies directly or indirectly from a religious context, some fiction deals with these topics as portraying real religions such as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Bahá'í Faith - see LDS fiction and Bahá'í Faith in fiction.

Religious themes in science fiction books, film and television

Afterlife

** Philip José Farmer. The "Riverworld" series
** Sergey Lukianenko. "Night Watch (Russian novel)" and sequels
** Bob Shaw. 1969. "The Palace of Eternity"

Ancestor veneration

** C. J. Cherryh 1976. "Brothers of Earth" Garden City, NY: Nelson Doubleday

Angels

** In Charles Phipps' Machine Goddess, the whole of human history is influenced by pre-Big Bang beings that take the name of Angels and Demons.

Apocalypse

Creation myths

** In "Blade Runner", Roy Batty is an artificial person looking to confront his creator, while Rick Deckard searches for lost humanity despite his job: hunting and "retiring" drapetomaniac replicants.
** Mary Shelley. 1818. "Frankenstein"

Delusion

** Tom Flynn. "Galactic Rapture". 1999. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-754-6.
** Tom Flynn. "Nothing Sacred". 2004. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-127-8.

Demons

* John Ringo Princess of Wands ISBN 1-4165-0923-2 A Christian housewife/soccer mum gets involved in an organisation which co-operates with the FBI in dealing with demons.

*In the Doom series, demons have come into the world through a interdemesional portal made on Mars that went to Hell.

Devil

Eschatology (Ultimate fate of the Universe)

** Camille Flammarion translated 1894. ""
** Olaf Stapledon 1937. "Star Maker"
** Arthur C. Clarke 1953. "The Nine Billion Names of God"
** Isaac Asimov 1956. "The Last Question"
** George Zebrowski. omnibus in 1983. The Omega Point Trilogy
** Stephen Baxter. 1999.

= God or Gods=

** Lester del Rey. 1954. "For I Am a Jealous People". Jehovah abandons humanity, and sponsors an alien race in an invasion of Earth.
** Octavia E. Butler. 1993."Parable of the Sower" Religion created Earthseed where God is change.
** Orson Scott Card. “The Worthing Saga’’
** G. K. Chesterton 1908. "The Man Who Was Thursday"
** In Philip K. Dick's short story "Faith of our Fathers", the protagonist faces an all-powerful god which reveals that it is a predator on all living things.
**Alastair Reynolds. “Absolution Gap”
** David Zindell 1988. "Neverness" New York: Spectra
** "Stargate" and "Stargate SG-1", the supposed ancient gods are revealed to be powerful, parasitic aliens posing as supernatural beings to exploit mankind. Furthermore, the Stargate explorers are often mistaken for gods since they use the stargates, but the conscientious ones take pains to disabuse that assumption. Initially an ordinary "Star Trek"-esque show, "Stargate SG-1" and its spin-off "Stargate Atlantis" have shifted to have as the central theme the concepts of what it means to be a god, particularly with the new Ori story arc.
** "", an alien force of incredible, God-like power enters Federation space, forcing the Enterprise crew to discover the meaning and purpose of its arrival.
**In the "" episode, "Who Watches the Watchers", a serious accident with a hidden scientific observation post starts a chain of events that leads to a primitive civilization becoming convinced that the Starfleet personnel are divine beings with Capt. Jean-Luc Picard being the supreme one. The crew of the Enterprise struggle to prevent the reestablishment of religion in the civilization.
** In the "" episode "Who Mourns for Adonis?", the Enterprise crew encounters an alien figure reminiscent of the ancient Greek god Apollo. The "god" asks to be respected, worshiped, and permitted to offer care and love for the crew. In critiquing this figure, the crew reduces it to the mere product of an "energy source." After destroying the entity, Captain Kirk rhetorically asks, "Would it have hurt to have gathered a few laurel leaves?" This comment can be seen to reflect on the ironies of scientific reductionism and the concomitant rejection of divinity. Finally, it offers a possible nostalgic lament about the results of the "acids of modernity."
**In Roger Zelazny's "Lord of Light", a nobleman re-creates a rival religious movement to dethrone a false pantheon of Hindu-inspired "Gods" on a world where magic and science coexist.
**In Lois McMaster Bujold's Chalion novels, The Curse of Chalion and Paladin of Souls, there are five gods, with substantial consideration of free will and how the gods influence and interact with people. The theology is consistent and well-presented.

Heaven

To Reign in Hell 2000 Steven Brust & Roger Zelazny

Hell

Identity

** Roger MacBride Allen. 2002. "The Modular Man". New York: Bantam. ISBN 0-553-29559-4.
** C. J. Cherryh. “Port Eternity”
** Richard Paul Russo. “The Rosetta Codex”

Jewish

Logos

** Philip K. Dick. 1981. "Valis".

Meditation

**In Star Trek, the Vulcan people use various meditation techniques to suppress their emotions, calm the mind, and enhance their telepathic abilities.
**In Star Wars, the Jedi use meditation and visualization techniques to control their Force abilities.
**In Frank Herbert's "Dune", the Bene Gesserit and Mentats use various forms of visualization, mantra, and other meditative techniques to enhance their respective abilities.

Messianism

** Arthur C. Clarke. 1953, 1956. "The City and the Stars". New York: Signet. ISBN 451Q5371095. Pp. 99-100.
** In Robert A. Heinlein's "Stranger in a Strange Land", Valentine Michael Smith similarly becomes a messiah figure but this time it's to some of the general population of the earth. Raised by Martians he takes their philosophy into a religion.
**In Frank Herbert's "Dune", Paul Muad'dib becomes a prophetic messiah to the Fremen when his mental training and the drug / spice melange allow him to directly perceive time and space.
** C. S. Lewis. The "Out of the Silent Planet" series of novels.
** HG Wells 1899. "When the Sleeper Awakes"
** Gene Wolfe. "The Book of the New Sun"
** John Barnes. 2003. "The Sky So Big and Black". New York: Tor. ISBN 0765342227

Metaphysics

** Barrington J. Bayley. 1974. "The Soul of the Robot"
** John Taine 1946. "The Time Stream"
** Tad Williams. “The Otherworld Series”

Millennialism

** Robert Hugh Benson. 1907. "Lord of the World."
** Arthur C. Clarke. 1953. "Childhood's End". New York: Ballantine Books. No ISBN.

Morality

** Alfred Bester. “The Stars My Destination”
** Philip K. Dick. 1965. "The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch"
** L. Ron Hubbard. “Battlefield Earth”
** Madeleine L'Engle wrote an eight book series kicked off by the well known "A Wrinkle in Time" which covers a good vs evil "battle" over the hearts and minds of children and whole planets.
** Shikasta by Doris Lessing is the first book of a series which revolves around a mystical-yet-real substance, the "substance of good" which two civilizations are at cross purposes to use "fighting" over the earth.
** Deanna Miller. 2003. [http://www.deannamiller.com/skyreviews.html "Sky Bounce"]
** L. E. Modesitt, Jr. "The Parafaith War", "The Ethos Effect"

Original sin

** James Blish. 1959. "A Case of Conscience" Del Rey, reissue ISBN 0-345-43835-3

Star of Bethlehem

** Arthur C. Clarke. 1955. "The Star " - a Jesuit serving as the astrophysicist of an interstellar exploration ship suffers a deep crisis of faith on discovering that the star seen on Earth at 4 B.C. was actually a nova which destroyed an entire sentient and highly developed race. In Christian religious terms, God had utterly destroyed these peaceful and virtuous beings, in order to announce to humanity the birth of His Son - a discovery which might shake the faith of even the most devout of Christians.

Penance

** Frank Herbert. “The White Plague"
** Colin Kapp. 1974. "Patterns of Chaos". Paperback, ISBN 0-586-03918-X Panther.
** Walter M. Miller Jr. 1955-1957 in FSF, 1960 as novel. "A Canticle for Leibowitz" Bantam Spectra.
** Alastair Reynolds. “Redemption Ark”

Purgatory

Reincarnation

** Brian W. Aldiss. “The Helliconia Trilogy
**"Camille Flammarion" 1864, expansion 1887, translation to English 1897. "Lumen" Wesleyan University Press for current reissue
** Marc Laidlaw 1988. "Neon Lotus"
** Syd Logdson 1981. "A Fond Farewell to Dying"
** Richard K. Morgan. “Altered Carbon” and “Broken Angels”
** Robert Silverberg. 1974. "Born With the Dead". ISBN 0-394-48845-8. Random House Inc.
** Robert Sheckley 1959. "Immortality, Inc"
** Roger Zelazny. 1967. "Lord of Light" Eos

Resurrection

Soul

Theocracy

** Robert A. Heinlein. "Revolt in 2100".
** John Barnes. 2000. "Candle". New York: Tor. ISBN 0-8125-8968-8.
** John Barnes. 2003. "The Sky So Big and Black". New York: Tor. ISBN 0765342227
** Margaret Atwood. "The Handmaid's Tale. ISBN 0-385-49081-X.

Alien Pope

In the story "In partibus infidelium" ("In the Land of the Unbelievers") by Polish writer Jacek Dukaj, humanity makes contact with other space-faring civilizations, and Christianity - specificaly, the Catholic Church - spreads far and wide. Humans become a minority among believers and an alien is elected as the Pope...

Time-travelling to meet Jesus

One of the consequences of assuming time travel to be possible is to open up the possibility of modern people traveling back to the time of Jesus Christ - and specifically, to the crucifixion. This raises complex moral and religious questions dealt with in very different ways by different writers.

* In Richard Matheson's "The Traveller" (1954), a professor who is a confirmed sceptic is for that reason chosen to be the first to travel in time to see the crucifixion, in a kind of traveling cage which makes him invisible to the people of the past. Seeing the actual scene, he feels an increasing empathy for Jesus, and finally attempts to save him and is hauled back to the present by the monitoring conductors of the experiment. He comes back a changed man - though he had seen no miracles, he did see "a man giving up his life for the things he believed" and "that should be miracle enough for everybody". At least, it is miracle enough for the formerly-skeptic professor; in short, without actually being aware of the invisible visitor from his future, Jesus in his stance had managed to make him a believer.

* John Brunner's "Times Without Number" (1962) depicts an alternate reality in which the Spanish Armada conquered England. In this Twentieth Century, time travel is discovered - controlled, like much else in the world, by the Catholic Church. It is decreed that every new pope, on entering his job, would be privileged to travel to Palestine in the time of Christ's ministry. Everybody else is strictly forbidden to go anywhere near.

* In Arthur Porges's story "The Rescuer", (1962) scientists in 2015 face charges of having deliberately destroyed a three-billion dollar project. They tell the judges that instead of the carefully controlled experiment in time-travel they had planned, a religious fanatic had taken over the machine, and headed for Golgotha with a rifle and five thousand rounds. His attempt to save Jesus might have wiped out the entire present world as we know it, and the only way to stop it was by destroying the machine. The affair must be kept from the public, since some might identify with "The Rescuer".

* An extensive treatment of this theme is Michael Moorcock's "Behold the Man" (1966). The Twentieth-Century Karl Glogauer, a Jew obsessed with the figure of Jesus (and with Jung) and who also appears in other Moorcock books, travels in time to the year 28 A.D. He meets various New Testament figures such as John the Baptist and the Virgin Mary (whose conduct is anything but virginal). Finding that Mary and Joseph's child Jesus is a mentally retarded hunchback, who could never become the Jesus portrayed in Scripture, Glogauer himself begins to step into the role of Jesus. In the end, he does fully become Jesus, and dies on the cross (having specifically asked Judas to betray him). This raises the philosophical issue of whether or not it even matters if the historical Jesus ever existed.

* In Poul Anderson's book "There Will Be Time",(1972) a young twentieth century American discovers that he had been born with the ability to travel through time without any need of a machine. Reasoning that there must be others like him and that Jerusalem at the time of the crucifixion is a good place to try locating them, he goes there and walks through the street singing the Greek mass, which is of course meaningless to people of the time. This does help him to get located by agents of a time-traveling organization, who take him to their headquarters in the far future - without having gotten to see Jesus at all.

* In Garry Kilworth's story "Let's go to Golgotha" (1975 - published in a collection of the same name), tourists from the future can book on a time-traveling "Crucifixion Tour". Before setting out, they are strictly warned that they must not do anything to disrupt history. Specifically, when the crowd is asked whether Jesus or Barabbas should be spared, they must all join the call "Give us Barabbas!". (A priest absolves them from any guilt for so doing). However, when the moment comes, the protagonist suddenly realizes that the crowd condemning Jesus to the cross is composed entirely of tourists from the future, and that no actual Jewish Jerusalemites of 33 A.D. are present at all...

* In Mark Graham's The Third Day (2000), described by its publisher as "a new gospel that is both iconoclastic and reverent," two modern day time travelers--one a skeptic, the other a devout believer--journey through a wormhole to witness Jesus' life and death. Becoming the disciples Judas Iscariot and Mary Magdalene, the two undergo crises of faith and belief, seeing the opposite of what each wants to see. When a mysterious traveler from their own future tells them that Jesus is an escaped criminal from his own time, the two must make a fateful decision to aid in his capture, or allow billions of people to cling to their faith. But the traveler is not what he seems...

* In Jeremy Robinson's "The Didymus Contingency" (2004), described by its publisher as "religious yet worldly", a scientist discovers time-travel and sets out to see Jesus' death and resurrection - only to witness several scenes not recorded in the New Testament and get proof that Jesus was a fraud. The dilemma of whether or not to make in the present a revelation which would shake the foundations of Christianity is mixed with the appearance of an assassin from the further future and further plot twists... (The Didymus of the title is, of course, the Apostle Saint Thomas, whose initial skepticism of the resurrection earned him the title "Doubting Thomas" (though, to be sure, by the traditional Christian account he was finally convinced of this event's veracity).

* In the TimeWars series by author Simon Hawke, in 2461 Cardinal Lodovico Consorti proposes to use the recently-discovered time-travel technology in order to obtain empirical proof that Christ indeed rose from the dead after being crucified. In reaction, the Catholic Church excommunicates the Cardinal, with the Church hierarachy prefering to continue relying on faith alone and not seek such a factual confirmation.

ee also

* Religion in speculative fiction
*Christian science fiction
* List of Catholic Science Fiction and Fantasy authors
* List of Protestant Science Fiction and Fantasy authors

References

* Clark, S (2005),"Science Fiction and Religion", Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
* McKee, G (2007),"The Gospel According to Science Fiction-From the Twilight Zone tothe Final Frontier",London-Westminster, John Knox Press Louisville.
* Riley, R., (1985),"The Transcendent Adventure-Studies of Religion in Science Fiction Fantasy", Greenwood Press, Westport, CT.

External links

* [http://www.adherents.com/lit/sf_rel_sp.html Science Fiction featuring various specific religions] at adherents.com.
* [http://www.sfgospel.com The Gospel According to Science Fiction] , a book and blog exploring religious themes in SF.
* [http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/7780/jewish/Sci-Fi-Fantasy.htm Jewish Chassidic Sci-Fi] chabad.org
* [http://ignatiusinsight.com/features2005/smiesel_sfintervw1_mar05.asp Catholics and Science Fiction] , an interview between Sandra Miesel and Ignatius Press.
* [http://www.thecatholicwiki.com/wiki/Catholicism_in_Science_Fiction Annotated Bibliography covering Catholicism in Science Fiction]
* [http://www.scifiandgod.com Sci-fi and God] - An enhanced episode guide covering and discussing science fiction from a Christian perspective.