1935 Yankee hurricane

Infobox Hurricane
Name=1935 Yankee Hurricane
Type=hurricane
Year=1935
Basin=Atl
Formed=October 30, 1935
Dissipated=November 8, 1935
1-min winds=90
Pressure=964
Da

Inflated=1
Fatalities=19
Areas=Western Atlantic Ocean, the Bahamas, southern Florida, Gulf of Mexico
Hurricane season=1935 Atlantic hurricane seasonThe Yankee Hurricane of 1935 was a rare Category 2 hurricanecite web|author=David A. Glenn|year=2005|title=A Reanalysis of the 1916, 1918, 1927, 1928, and 1935 Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Basin|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2008-01-06|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/GlennThesis.pdf] cite web|author=Blake, Rappaport, and Landsea|year=2006|title=The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones (1851 to 2006)|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2008-01-09|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/NWS-TPC-5.pdf] that affected the Bahamas and South Florida in November. It remains the only tropical cyclone to affect Miami from the northeast in November. The sixth tropical cyclone and fifth hurricane of the 1935 Atlantic hurricane season, it developed 225 miles (365 km) east of Bermuda. It strengthened to a hurricane on November 1, initially posing a threat to the Carolinas.cite web|author=Willis E. Hurd|year=1935|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/mwr_pdf/1935.pdf|title=The Atlantic-Gulf of Mexico Hurricane of October 30 to November 8, 1935|publisher=U.S. Weather Bureau|accessdate=2007-01-07] Subsequently, the cyclone turned southwest. It attained its peak intensity on November 3, and it made landfall near Miami Beach on November 4. The hurricane's unusual approach toward Florida and late arrival earned it the nickname of the Yankee Hurricane.cite web|author=Douglas, Marjory Stoneman|year=1958|url=http://www.keyshistory.org/35-hurr-Douglas.html|title=The Florida Keys, 1935|publisher=Rinehart and Company|accessdate=2007-01-07] cite web|author=United Press|year=1935|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?
|title=Florida Storm Swings Into Gulf|publisher=The Kokomo Tribune|accessdate=2008-02-03]

Meteorological history

The cyclone originated as an extratropical systemcite web|author=Willis E. Hurd|year=1935|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/mwr_pdf/1935.pdf|title=The Atlantic-Gulf of Mexico Hurricane of October 30 to November 8, 1935|publisher=U.S. Weather Bureau|accessdate=2007-01-07] east of Hamilton, Bermuda.cite web|author=Hurricane Research Division|year=2007|title=Atlantic hurricane best track|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2008-01-09|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/easyhurdat_5106.html] The system was isolated from a large upper-level trough that stretched from the Lesser Antilles to a low pressure area near the Faroe Islands. A polar ridge of high pressure was situated north of Bermuda, producing anomalous easterly trades at an unusually high latitude.cite web|author=Willis E. Hurd|year=1935|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/mwr_pdf/1935.pdf|title=The Atlantic-Gulf of Mexico Hurricane of October 30 to November 8, 1935|publisher=U.S. Weather Bureau|accessdate=2007-01-07] The easterly flow blew over a long fetch of open waters, thus producing low-level convergence.cite web|author=Willis E. Hurd|year=1935|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/mwr_pdf/1935.pdf|title=The Atlantic-Gulf of Mexico Hurricane of October 30 to November 8, 1935|publisher=U.S. Weather Bureau|accessdate=2007-01-07] Gradually, instability probably supported convective activity, and the cyclone slowly acquired tropical characteristics. On October 30, the system became a tropical storm with maximum sustained winds of 40 mph (65 km/h).cite web|author=Hurricane Research Division|year=2007|title=Atlantic hurricane best track|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2008-01-09|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/easyhurdat_5106.html]

Initially, the cyclone moved westward. On November 1, the storm strengthened to a Category 1 hurricane.cite web|author=Hurricane Research Division|year=2007|title=Atlantic hurricane best track|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2008-01-09|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/easyhurdat_5106.html] On November 2, the hurricane reached its closest approach to Cape Hatteras; the center was located less than 145 miles (230 km/h) off the coast.cite web|author=David A. Glenn|year=2005|title=A Reanalysis of the 1916, 1918, 1927, 1928, and 1935 Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Basin|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2008-01-06|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/GlennThesis.pdf] The cyclone's wind field remained narrow, and Hatteras recorded peak gusts of 40 mph (65 km/h).cite web|author=Willis E. Hurd|year=1935|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/mwr_pdf/1935.pdf|title=The Atlantic-Gulf of Mexico Hurricane of October 30 to November 8, 1935|publisher=U.S. Weather Bureau|accessdate=2007-01-07] The cyclone turned south, under the influence of northerly winds from a high pressure system. On November 3, the tropical system continued to strengthen. Later, a ship reported a minimum pressure of 964 mbar (28.48 inHg) north of the Abaco Islands, and the hurricane rapidly attained its peak intensity of 105 mph (165 km/h).cite web|author=David A. Glenn|year=2005|title=A Reanalysis of the 1916, 1918, 1927, 1928, and 1935 Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Basin|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2008-01-06|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/GlennThesis.pdf] Originally, the cyclone was classified as a minimal Category 1 hurricane.cite web|author=Hurricane Research Division|year=2007|title=Atlantic hurricane best track|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2008-01-09|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/easyhurdat_5106.html] On November 4, the hurricane made landfall north of Miami Beach near the present location of Bal Harbour, Florida.cite web|author=Hurricane Research Division|year=2007|title=Atlantic hurricane best track|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2008-01-09|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/easyhurdat_5106.html] The hurricane's lowest central pressure in Florida was recorded at 973 mbar (28.73 inHg) in Miami, Florida.cite web|author=Willis E. Hurd|year=1935|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/mwr_pdf/1935.pdf|title=The Atlantic-Gulf of Mexico Hurricane of October 30 to November 8, 1935|publisher=U.S. Weather Bureau|accessdate=2007-01-07]

The hurricane's intensity diminished over land, and its winds decreased to 85 mph (135 km/h).cite web|author=David A. Glenn|year=2005|title=A Reanalysis of the 1916, 1918, 1927, 1928, and 1935 Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Basin|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2008-01-06|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/GlennThesis.pdf] Later, the cyclone entered the Gulf of Mexico north of Cape Sable. On November 6, the tropical system weakened to a strong tropical storm, and it turned northwest. On November 7, the circulation turned east, and the cyclone weakened to a remnant low pressure area. On November 9, the system dissipated 100 miles (160 km) west of Saint Petersburg.cite web|author=David A. Glenn|year=2005|title=A Reanalysis of the 1916, 1918, 1927, 1928, and 1935 Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Basin|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2008-01-06|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/GlennThesis.pdf]

Preparations

Shops and residences were "boarded up" in Nassau.cite web|author=United Press|year=1935|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?
|title=Florida is Menaced by a Hurricane|publisher=The Piqua Daily Call|accessdate=2008-02-03] Precautionary hurricane signals were hoisted along the Florida east coast from Titusville to Miami, and the center was expected to make landfall between Miami and West Palm Beach. Later, hurricane warnings were issued from Palm Beach to Naples. 200 men were evacuated from the Snake Creek area in the upper Florida Keys. Workers in the Florida Keys were transported to concentration points in Miami and Homestead. Maritime interests in the Gulf of Mexico were also warned, though the cyclone's remnants remained off the west coast of Florida.

Impact

The cyclone produced winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) on Grand Bahama. The duration of hurricane force winds ranged from 1–3 hours in the Abaco Islands, and five sponge fishing vessels were lost due to the hurricane. The cyclone caused 14 deaths in the islands. In Fort Lauderdale, winds unroofed several homes, and canals overflowed.cite web|author=The Associated Press|year=1935|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?
|title=Hurricane Passes Over Miami|publisher=Ironwood Daily Globe|accessdate=2008-02-03] In South Florida, the hurricane dismantled communication lines, and "telegraph companies relayed" messages via Jacksonville and Atlanta.cite web|author=United Press|year=1935|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?
|title=Rescue, Survey Parties Search Debris of Miami|publisher=The Oshkosh Northwestern|accessdate=2008-02-03] High waves flooded Miami Beach. Ten feet (3.5 m) of the Miami Beach causeway was eroded, and police halted traffic between Miami Beach and the mainland. The death toll in Florida was low because of well executed warnings and advisories. Winds shattered numerous plate glass windows in Miami's business district, while signs, roofing materials, and vegetation littered streets. 50 homes lost their roofs in Hollywood and Dania, and the oceanfront boardwalk was destroyed. Precipitation damaged equipment at the Hollywood Beach Hotel, where many windows were broken. Construction standards were improved in the aftermath of the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane, reducing damages in subsequent storms. 35 people were treated for injuries at local hospitals. Southeastern Miami was flooded by three feet (915 mm) of water. The hurricane produced light rainfall in Miami that peaked at 4.04 inches (102.5 mm). Five deaths were reported in Florida. Total damages in Florida reached $5,500,000 in the Miami–Fort Lauderdale area.

References