Operation Jericho

Operation Jericho
Part of World War II
Dust and smoke from Amiens prison during the raid.
Date 18 February 1944 Location Amiens, German-occupied France Result Successful raid
Belligerents
RAAF Royal Air Force RNZAF	Gestapo
Strength
9 bombers & 12 fighters	Anti-aircraft defences 2 Fw 190
Casualties and losses
3 Mosquitos, 2 Typhoons aircrew: 3 KIA, 3 POW inmates: 37 KIA, 260      reprisal executions	50 KIA

Operation Jericho^[1] was a low-level World War II bombing raid by Allied aircraft on Amiens Prison in German-occupied France on 18 February 1944. The object of the raid was to free French Resistance and political prisoners^{[citation needed]}. No prisoners were scheduled for execution as the official account states and the French Resistance were unaware that the raid would be taking place. The raid is remarkable for the precision and daring of the attack, which was filmed by an on-board camera on one of the planes; controversy persists as to who actually requested and authorised the attack.

Mosquito bombers succeeded in breaching the walls and buildings of the prison, as well as destroying guards' barracks. Of the 717 prisoners, 102 were killed, 74 wounded, and 258 escaped, including 79 Resistance and political prisoners, although two thirds of the escapees were recaptured.^[2]

Post-raid damage included a hole in the perimeter wall (right-of-centre).

Background

In 1943 many members of the French resistance movement in the Amiens area had been caught by the Germans and imprisoned in Amiens prison. Some had been betrayed by collaborators, and the entire movement in the area was at risk. By December 1943, 12 members of the Resistance had been executed at the prison, and it was learned that more than 100 other members were to be shot on 19 February 1944. Dominique Penchard began sending information about the prison to London, including accurate details of the layout, defences, and duty rosters^{[citation needed]}.

When two Allied intelligence officers were also captured and sent to Amiens prison, a precision air attack on the prison was requested, and the mission was allocated to the 2nd Tactical Air Force. The prison was located alongside a long straight road and surrounded by high walls. The guards ate in a block adjacent to the main building, making lunchtime the best time to eliminate the maximum number of guards. The balance of munitions used had to be carefully planned so that when hitting the main prison walls, they were breached and the doors sprung open without the building being destroyed. As well as destroying the guards' mess hall, breaches had to be made in the prison's outer walls to allow the inmates to escape. There were around 700 inmates in the prison and loss of life was inevitable during an air raid, but many had already been condemned to death and it would give a chance for some at least to escape.^[3]

Attack force

Low-level aerial photo of Amiens Prison during the raid shows snow-covered buildings and landscape

No. 140 Wing of the RAF Second Tactical Air Force, based at RAF Hunsdon in Hertfordshire, was selected to carry out the raid using Mosquito FB Mk VIs. The Wing comprised 18 Mosquitos from No. 464 Squadron RAAF, No. 487 Squadron RNZAF, and No. 21 Squadron RAF, and was led by Group Captain Percy Charles Pickard (DSO and two bars), an experienced pilot and leader but who was inexperienced in low level attacks and underwent 10 hours' conversion training at Hatfield. The Mosquitos of 487 Squadron were assigned the task of bombing the prison guards' mess hall and breaching the outer prison wall in two places, while 464 Squadron's aircraft were tasked with bombing the prison's main walls if no prisoners were seen escaping. No. 21 Squadron was assigned with the grim alternative of bombing the prison and all in it, as requested by those prisoners aware of the proposed mission. The overall raid was to be led by Air Vice-Marshal Basil Embry, and was ready to go from 10 February. Close support was to be provided by Hawker Typhoons from No. 198 Squadron RAF.

Attack

Embry was forbidden from flying on the mission, as he was involved in the planning of the invasion of Europe, and Pickard took his place, despite his limited experience of low-level attack. The mission was delayed by very poor weather, which worsened after 10 February, with low cloud and snow across Europe. By 18 February it was not possible to wait any longer for the weather to improve, and the 18 Mosquitos, plus a PR (photo-reconnaissance) Mosquito, were readied. The crews were briefed at 08:00 under high security, the first time they had been made aware of the target. Pickard was to bring up the rear of the second wave of aircraft, to assess the damage and to call in 21 Squadron if necessary. In the event of anything happening to Pickard's aircraft, the crew of the PR Mosquito would carry out the task instead.

The final decision to carry out the attack was made just 2 hours before the deadline for striking the target, and the Mosquitos took off from Hunsdon into weather worse than many of the crews had previously experienced. Four Mosquitos lost contact with the formation and had to return to base, and an additional one had to turn back due to engine problems, leaving 9 to carry out the main attack with 4 in reserve.

At one minute past noon they reached the target, three of No. 487 Squadron's aircraft aiming for the eastern and northern walls of the prison with bombs fitted with 11 second delay fuses, while the other two made a diversion attack on the local railway station before returning to the prison. The outer walls were successfully breached, but No. 464 Squadron's Mosquitos were too close behind and had to circle the target while the initial bombs detonated.

The eastern wall appeared unbreached at 12:06, when two planes from 464 Squadron attacked it from an altitude of 50 feet, with eight 500 lb bombs. However, observers did not identify any damage to the prison, caused by this bombing run. Simultaneously, two Mosquitos from 464 Squadron bombed the main building from 100 feet, also with eight 500 lb bombs. A direct hit on the guardhouse killed or disabled the occupants and a number of prisoners were killed or wounded, while many were able to escape.

Pickard, circling at 500 ft (150 m), saw prisoners escape, signalled No. 21 Squadron's Mosquitos to return home, and as he turned for home, a Fw 190 fighter of JG 26 severed the tail of his Mosquito, killing him and his navigator.

182 prisoners were recaptured, but 255 managed to escape. The diversion attack on the railway station delayed German troops by two hours.^[3]

List of aircraft involved

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Serial[4]	Pilot	Navigator	Squadron	Notes
Mosquito VI (took off 10:50)
HX922/EG-F	G/Capt Percy Charles Pickard (KIA)	F/Lt John Alan Broadley, RNZAF (KIA)	487 RNZAF	shot down, buried at Amiens[citation needed]
LR333/EG-R	W/C Smith, DFC	F/Lt Barnes, DFC	487	returned
HX982/EG-T	P/O R Cullum, RNZAF	P/O Dunlop	487	severely damaged, returned
HX46400	F/Lt D H McLeod, RNZAF	F/Sgt A J Lawson	487	returned
LR334/SB-R	W/Cdr Robert Wilson Iredale, RAAF	F/Lt J L McCaul	464 RAAF	landed 13:00
MM482/SB-A	S/Ldr W R C Sugdan	F/O A N Bridger	464	landed 13:00
MM410/SB-O	F/O N L Monaghan	F/O A W Bean	464	landed 12:50
MM404/SB-T	S/Ldr A Ian McRitchie (POW)	F/Lt Richard Webb Sampson, RNZAF (KIA)	464	failed to return
MM403/SB-V	F/Lt T McPhee, RNZAF	F/Lt G W Atkins	464	landed 12:50
	[specify]			"No. 21 Squadron's Mosquitos"
Hawker Typhoons
	[specify]		198 RAF	2 lost

Memorials

A plaque at the prison is dedicated to those who died in the attack, and a general airfield memorial^[specify] is at Hunsdon Airfield, the Mosquito's base. On the 60th anniversary in 2004, a Spitfire performed a flypast,^[where?] as the last airworthy Mosquito had crashed in 1996.

Notes

1. ^ The operation's eponym is the biblical event when the Wall of Jericho miraculously fell down (Book of Joshua) .
2. ^ "Fact File : Amiens Prison Raid". www.bbc.co.uk British Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1135199.shtml?sectionId=6&articleId=1135199. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Birtles, Philip (2006). Mosquito Fighter Squadrons in Focus. Red Kite / Air Research. pp. 69–72. ISBN 0954620135. 
4. ^ Stevenson, Kim. "Re: Amiens Raid / Serial Numbers". http://www.mossie.org/forum/read.php?1,4264,4296#msg-4296. Retrieved 2011-07-20. 

References

• Fishman, Jack (1983). And the Walls Came Tumbling Down. MacMillan. ISBN 0-02-538470-8. ^{[citation needed]}

External links

"Attack on Amiens Prison, 18th February 1944". www.RAF.mod.uk. 2003. http://www.raf.mod.uk/history_old/amiens.html. Retrieved tbd. 

External videos
	downloadable film clip