Ava Helen Pauling

Infobox Person
name = Ava Helen Pauling


caption = Ava Helen Pauling, Pasadena, California (1948)
birth_name = Ava Helen Miller
birth_date = birth date|1903|12|24
birth_place = Beavercreek, Oregon
death_date = death date|1981|12|7
known_for = Humanitarian achievements
spouse = Linus Carl Pauling Ava Helen Pauling (December 24, 1903 – December 7, 1981) was an American human rights activist and wife of Nobel Prize winner Linus Pauling. Throughout her life, she was involved in various social movements including women's rights, racial equality, and international peace.

An avid New Dealer, Ava Helen Pauling was heavily interested in American politics and social reforms. She is credited with introducing Linus Pauling to the field of peace studies, for which he received the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize. Most prominent among the various causes she supported was the issue of ending nuclear proliferation. Ava Helen Pauling worked with her husband, advocating a stop to the production and use of nuclear arms. Their campaigning helped lead to the Limited Test Ban Treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union, effectively ending the aboveground testing of nuclear weapons.

Biography

Early life

Ava Helen Pauling, the tenth of twelve children, was raised on a convert|160|acre|km2|sing=on farm outside Beavercreek, Oregon. [cite book |last=Hager|first=Thomas|title=Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling|publisher=Simon & Schuster|date=1995|page=69|isbn=0-684-80909-5] Her father, George Miller, a schoolteacher, and her mother, Elnora Gard Miller, [cite book|author=Chris Petersen|coauthors=Cliff Mead|title=The Pauling Catalogue, Vol. 3|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|date=2006|pages=193|isbn=0-9629082-6-6|] expressed socialist ideals and encouraged liberal thinking and discussion in the home. [cite book |last=Hager|first=Thomas|title=Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling|publisher=Simon & Schuster|date=1995|page=69|isbn=0-684-80909-5] Linus Pauling explained, "Ava Helen had been interested in social, political and economic problems ever since she was a teenage girl. She used to argue with a friend of the family, one of the judges of the Oregon State Supreme Court. She had a general interest in science and was very able, very smart, but she was really concerned about human beings. The humanistic concern she had was very great. [cite web|url=http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/peace/quotes/ava_helen_pauling.html|title=Quotes by or Related to Ava Helen Pauling (Quote 4 of 8)|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|accessdate=2007-12-18 ] "

At the age of thirteen, two years after the divorce of her parents, Ava Helen moved to Salem, Oregon, to live with her sister. She graduated from Salem High School in May 1918, three years after entering, [cite book|author=Chris Petersen|coauthors=Cliff Mead|title=The Pauling Catalogue, Vol. 3|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|date=2006|pages=193|isbn=0-9629082-6-6|] and then enrolled in the Oregon Agricultural College, now Oregon State University.

Higher education

It was at OAC in 1922 that Ava Helen Miller first met Linus Pauling. As an undergraduate, he taught a chemistry course to home economics majors. Ava Helen Pauling was enrolled in this course and it was through the student-teacher relationship that they became romantically involved. After three years of courtship and an attempted engagement, which was foiled by Linus and Ava Helen's mothers, the two were married on June 17, 1923. [cite book|last=Paradowski|first=Robert J.|title=Linus Pauling: A Man of Intellect and Action|publisher=Cosmos Japan International|date=1991|pages=191|isbn=4938264013] [cite book|author=Thomas Hager|coauthors=Cliff Mead|title=Linus Pauling: Scientist and Peacemaker|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|date=2001|pages=5-6|isbn=0-87071-489-9] [cite book|author=Chris Petersen|coauthors=Cliff Mead|title=The Pauling Catalogue, Vol. 3|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|date=2006|pages=188|isbn=0-9629082-6-6|]

Marriage

In the early years of her marriage, Ava Helen Pauling worked as a part-time laboratory assistant at the California Institute of Technology for her husband by taking notes, making models and completing other small tasks. [cite web|url=http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/rnb/02/02-081-large.html|title=Research Notebook 002, Page 81|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|accessdate=2007-12-18] [cite book |last=Hager|first=Thomas|title=Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling|publisher=Simon & Schuster|date=1995|page=173|isbn=0-684-80909-5] Eventually, the couple had four children: Linus Carl Jr. (b. 1925); Peter Jeffress (1931-2003); Edward Crellin (1937-1997); and Linda Helen, (b. 1932). As the family grew, Ava Helen Pauling worked to create a home environment that would allow her husband to continue his scientific work without domestic distractions. [cite book |last=Hager|first=Thomas|title=Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling|publisher=Simon & Schuster|date=1995|page=174|isbn=0-684-80909-5] [cite book|author=Daisaku Ikeda|coauthor=Linus Pauling|title=A Lifelong Quest for Peace: A Dialogue|Jones and Bartlett|date=1992|page=10|isbn0-86720-278-5]

Activism

Japanese internment

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the United States government proposed the internment of all west coast Japanese and Japanese Americans in inland camps out of fear of espionage. Ava Helen Pauling vigorously opposed this decision by joining the American Civil Liberties Union and working to raise awareness about the government action. When asked by the ACLU, she and her husband provided employment for a Japanese-American man recently released from an American internment camp. Subsequently, the Pauling family was plied with criticism for what were seen as pro-Japanese actions. [cite web|url=http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/peace/corr/bio2.001.1-19450307b.html|title=Anonymous Anti-Japanese Note to Linus Pauling. March 7, 1945.|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|accessdate=2007-12-19] [cite web|url=http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/peace/newsclips/bio2.001.1-19450307a.html |title="Jap Flag Painted on Garage Door." March 7, 1945.|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|accessdate=2007-12-19] [cite web|url=http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/peace/corr/bio2.001.2-anonymous-lp-19450309.html|title=Transcript of an Anonymous Letter Sent to Linus Pauling. March 9, 1945.|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|accessdate=2007-12-19] The Paulings, however, continued to support the rights of Japanese-Americans throughout World War II. [cite web|url=http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/peace/narrative/page3.html|title=Anti-Japanese Sentiment|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|accessdate=2007-12-18]

Union Now

The Union Now movement arose from the publication of Clarence Streit's novel "Union Now", which encouraged nations to combine into a democratic federation. Ava Helen Pauling advocated this movement and encouraged her husband to become educated on Streit's philosophy. As a result, Linus Pauling became publicly involved in the cause, eventually joining the Pasadena chapter of Federal Union, the organizational outgrowth of Union Now. In 1940, thanks in part to Ava Helen's suggestion, Linus Pauling gave his first political speech, urging his audience to consider Union Now as a movement toward a viable system of government. This effectively began Pauling's career as a public proponent of peace and human rights. [cite book|author=Chris Petersen|coauthors=Cliff Mead|title=The Pauling Catalogue, Vol. 3|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|date=2006|pages=206-208|isbn=0-9629082-6-6|]

Women's rights

Ava Helen was deeply involved in the movement for women's rights. Following World War II, she became a member of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, or WILPF, Women Strike for Peace and Women Act for Disarmament, an international federation of women's groups in which she held the position of honorary chairwoman. [cite book|author=Chris Petersen|coauthors=Cliff Mead|title=The Pauling Catalogue, Vol. 3|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|date=2006|pages=201-202|isbn=0-9629082-6-6|] She also worked to bring together fellow activists in support of women, helping to organize the "Women's Peace March" in Europe. [cite web|url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/ss01/avpauling.html|title=Ava Helen Pauling|publisher=The Linus Pauling Institute|accessdate=2007-12-19|author=Anitra Carr, Ph.D.] In addition to her membership in various women's organizations, Ava Helen served as three time national vice-president for WILPF, one of the many women-led groups that supported the Paulings' peace efforts. [cite web|url=http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/peace/narrative/page21.html|title=Linus Pauling and the International Peace Movement Narrative: Peace Groups|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|accessdate=2007-12-20] [cite book |last=Hager|first=Thomas|title=Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling|publisher=Simon & Schuster|date=1995|page=505, 515, 537|isbn=0-684-80909-5]

Nuclear disarmament and world peace

For much of her life, Ava Helen Pauling made world peace her primary political concern. During the Cold War, she and her husband protested against nuclear armament and worked to increase public awareness of the danger of nuclear war. Even after Linus Pauling came under fire from the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, or SISS, the Paulings continued to campaign for global peace. [cite web|url=http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/peace/newsclips/bio2.021.12.html|title="Reluctant Pauling Gets Ultimatum on Petition"|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|accessdate=2007-12-19] Ava Helen Pauling traveled throughout the United States and Europe giving speeches emphasizing the importance of peace. She was also instrumental in bringing together various groups in marches and rallies to protest U.S. military policy and McCarthyism. After collecting over 9,000 signatures from scientists worldwide, in 1958 the Paulings presented the United Nations with a petition demanding an end to atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. [cite web|url=http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/peace/narrative/page27.html|title=Linus Pauling and the International Peace Movement: The Right to Petition|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|accessdate=2007-12-20] In 1963, President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Kruschev signed the Partial Test Ban Treaty. The signing of this treaty directly resulted in Linus Pauling's receipt of the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize, his second unshared Nobel Prize. [cite web|url=http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/peace/narrative/page45.html|title=The Peace Prize...|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|accessdate=2007-12-19] In an interview which aired on the Nova TV series in 1977, Ava Helen Pauling explained: [cite web|url=http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/peace/video/1977v.1-avahelen.html|title=Linus Pauling, Crusading Scientist: Encouragement from Ava Helen|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|accessdate=2007-12-19] [cite book|author=Chris Petersen|coauthors=Cliff Mead|title=The Pauling Catalogue, Vol. 5|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|date=2006|pages=8|isbn=0-9629082-8-2|]

Legacy

Ava Helen Pauling died on December 7, 1981 due to stomach cancer and subsequent internal hemorrhaging. [cite web|url=http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/peace/newsclips/ahp3.004.16.html|title="Ava Pauling, 77, Wife of Scientist|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections|accessdate=2007-12-19]

In recognition of her efforts for peace and equality, Oregon State University's College of Liberal Arts established the Ava Helen Pauling Lectureship on World Peace, now known as the Pauling Peace Lectureship, in 1982. The inaugural lecturer was Linus Pauling and subsequent lecturers have included Paul Warnke, Helen Caldicott, Noam Chomsky, and Arun Gandhi. Additionally, the Linus Pauling Institute chose to honor her with an endowed position, the Ava Helen Pauling Chair, in 1996. [cite web|url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/ss01/avpauling.html|title=Ava Helen Pauling|publisher=The Linus Pauling Institute|accessdate=2007-12-19|author=Anitra Carr, Ph.D.] [cite news|first|David|Last|Stauth|title=Genetic, Biomedical Researchers Join OSU|url=http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ncs/otw/backissues/2000-2001/jan18.pdf|work=OSU This Week Vol. 40 No. 15.|publisher=Oregon State University|date=2001-01-18|accessdate=2007-12-19|author=David Stauth]

Honors and awards

*Doctor of World Law, San Gabriel College, June 19, 1962.
*Honorary Member: Federated Auxiliaries of the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's union, June 21, 1967.
*Mother of the Year Award: California State Association of Colored Women's Clubs, Emma Lazarus, and Jewish Women's Clubs of Los Angeles, 1967.
*Certificate of Appreciation: Anza-Borrego Committee of the Desert Protective Council, December 20, 1974.
*Ralph Atkinson Award of the Monterey County Chapter of the ACLU.
*Spectrum Award and Medal: World Organization for Human Potential, May 4, 1984.
*Janice Holland Award of the Pennsylvania Chapter of the Women Strike for Peace.

ee also

*Japanese American Internment

References

Further reading

*Hager, Thomas, "Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling", Simon & Schuster (1995) ISBN 0-684-80909-5.
*Ikeda, Daisaku & Linus Pauling, "A Lifelong Quest for Peace: A Dialogue", (1992) ISBN 0-86720-278-5.
*Marinacci, Barbara & Ramesh Krishnamurthy, "Linus Pauling on Peace: A Scientist Speaks Out on Humanism and World Survival", Rising Star Press (1998) ISBN 0-933670-03-6
*Mead, Clifford & Thomas Hager, "Linus Pauling: Scientist and Peacemaker", Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections (2001) ISBN 0-87071-489-9.
*Paradowski, Robert J., Emile Zuckerkandl, Joseph Rotblat, Itaru Tanaka, Fumikazu Miyazaki, Z. S. Herman, & D. B. Munro, "Linus Pauling: A Man of Intellect and Action", Cosmos Japan International (1991) ISBN 4-93826-401-3.

External links

* [http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/index.html The Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers]
* [http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/peace/people/pauling-avahelen.html Digitized Collection of Documents Related to Ava Helen Pauling's Peace Work]
* [http://www.paulingcatalogue.org/ The Pauling Catalogue]
*worldcat id|id=lccn-n92-110130