Tornada (Occitan literary term)

A "tornada" (Occitan for "turned" or "twisted"), in lyric poetry, refers to a final, shorter stanza ("cobla") which is addressed to a patron, lady, or friend. They often contain useful information about the piece's composition (place and date) and the troubadour's circle.

ources

*Aubrey, Elizabeth. "The Music of the Troubadours". Indiana University Press, 1996. ISBN 0 253 21389 4.
*Gaunt, Simon, and Kay, Sarah (edd.) "The Troubadours: An Introduction". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0 521 574730.