Peire d'Alvernhe

Peire d'Alvernhe or d'Alvernha [In French his name is "Pierre d'Auvergne".] ("Pèire" in modern Occitan; b. c. 1130) was an Auvergnat troubadour (active 1149–1170), twenty-oneGaunt and Kay, 287.] or twenty-fourEgan, 72.] Aubrey, "The Music of the Troubadours", 8.] of whose works survive. His style was "esoteric" and "formally complex" (i.e., "trobar clus") and among the early troubadours he stands out as the earliest mentioned by Dante.

Life

According to an accusation of Bernart Marti, Peire entered upon a religious life early, but quit Holy Orders for a life of itinerant minstrelsy. He may be the same person as the "Petrus d'Alvengue" and "Petrus de Alvernia" who appear in documents dated 1148 from Montpellier. Perhaps in the fashion of the lords of Montpellier of his time, who were vassals of the Count of Toulouse but partial towards the Crown of Aragon, Peire appears to have cultivated the favour of the ruling family of the latter with allusions to the counts of Barcelona and Provence while at the same time garnering that of Raymond V of Toulouse. In his wanderings he may have spent some time at the court of Raimbaut d'Aurenga at Cortezon. [Aubrey, "The Music of the Troubadours", 9.]

According to his "vida", Peire was a burgher's son from the Diocese of Clermont.Egan, 71.] As testified by his "vida", his popularity was great within his lifetime and afterwards. Said to be handsome, charming, wise, and learned, he was "the first good inventor of poetry to go beyond the mountains" (i.e. the Pyrenees). The period in Spain being referred to was spent at the court of Alfonso VII of Castile and that of his son Sancho III in 1157–1158. [Lang, 105.] It is possible that he was at a meeting of Sancho with Sancho VI of Navarre and Raymond Berengar IV of Barcelona in 1158. [Pattison, "The Background of Peire D'Alvernhe's "Chantarai D'Aquest Trobadors", 29.] Furthermore, the author of his "vida" considered his poems to have been the greatest until Giraut de Borneill and his melodies to be the best ever. The author records that his information about Peire's later years comes from Dalfi d'Alvernha. Peire lived a long time and towards the end of his life performed penance before dying. It has been suggested that Dalfi was the author of the "vida".

Poetry

Peire wrote mostly "cansos", which, as his "vida" points out, were called "vers" in his day. He also invented the "pious song" and wrote six such poems dealing with serious themes of religion, piety, and spirituality. [Léglu, 53.] Even in his more profane works, however, one can detect the moralising influence of Marcabru, with whom in whose old age he was possibly acquainted. One of Marcabru's late songs is a satire of an early one by Peire d'Alvernhe. Marcabru's complexity was also imparted to Peire.

On the topic of courtly love, Peire, who had abandoned the religious life early, came to abandon the claims of "fin'amor" ("fine love") later.Paterson, 37–38.] When Peire espouses love of the Holy Ghost over "cortez' amors de bon aire" ("well-spirited courtly love") he is the only troubadour to ever use the term "courtly love". Marcabrunian influence can be seen here too. In a later Crusade song, Peire defended Marcabru's abandonment of the "carnal amar". He advocates "gran sabers ni purs" ("great and pure wisdom") through "bon'amor" ("good love"). [Paterson, 32.] Along with Bernart Marti, Bernart de Venzac, and Gavaudan, Peire was part of a "Marcabrunian school". [Léglu, 49.] Nonetheless, as mentioned above, Bernart Marti attacked Peire for claiming superior spiritual status::"E quan canorgues si mes:"Pey d'Alvernh'en canongia,:"a Dieu per que.s prometia:"entiers que peuys si fraysses?:"Quar si feys, fols joglars es:"per que l'entiers pretz cambia." [Léglu, 54–55. Translation: "And when Peire d'Alvernha became a canon in a canonry, why did he promise himself wholly to God, if he was to break later on? Since he did so, he's a foolish "jongleur" because he changed his whole reputation."] Peire's aesthetic philosophy esteemed the "whole song" ("vers entiers"), which is what he termed his completed pieces, denigrating all others' works as incomplete and imperfect.Spence, 172.] Nonetheless, from Marcabru Peire picked up a notion of the "trobar braus" as a legitimate format for "rough" themes.

One anonymous song of the Fifth Crusade, "Lo Senhre que formet lo tro", written between Spring 1213 and July 1214 has been attributed to Peire d'Alvernhe, but the dating makes that impossible. [Puckett, 885.] In a "tenso" between a Bernart (probably Bernart de Ventadorn) and an unnamed Peire, perhaps Peire d'Alvernhe, the latter argues that "it is not becoming for ladies to make love-pleas; it is fitting that men plead with them and beg their mercy." [Shapiro, 563.]

By far, however, Peire's most famous work is "Chantarai d'aquest trobadors", a "sirventes" written at Puivert ("Puoich-vert") in which he ridicules twelve contemporary troubadours ("a poetical gallery") and praises himself. [Aubrey, "References to Music", 117. The twelve were: Bernatz de Saissac, Bernart de Ventadorn, Ebles de Saigna, Grimoart Gausmar, Guillem de Ribas, Guiraut de Bornelh, Guossalbo Roitz, Limozi, Cossezen, Peire de Monzo, Peire Rogier, and Raimbaut d'Aurenga.] It has been conjectured that this piece was first performed in the presence of all twelve of the ridiculed poets in late Summer 1170 while an embassy bringing Eleanor, daughter of Henry II of England, to her Spanish goorm Alfonso VIII of Castile sojourned at Puivert. [Pattison, "The Troubadours of Peire D'Alvernhe's Satire in Spain".] If the above date is not accepted, it can be probably dated later than 1165—since Giraut de Borneill was only active from c.1170—and certainly before 1173, when Raimbaut d'Aurenga died. The Monge de Montaudon later composed a parody of Peire's satire, "Pos Peire d'Alvernhl a chantat". [Aubrey, "The Music of the Troubadours", 17.]

"Chantarai d'aquest trobadors" is near universally regarded today as playful parody and not as a work of serious literary or artistic criticism. [Pattison, "The Background of Peire D'Alvernhe's "Chantarai D'Aquest Trobadors", 19.] The obscurity of most of the ridiculed poets and the attack upon such personal characteristics as appearance and manners has been cited in support of the view that the parody was done in the presence of all twelve victims, further supporting the conclusion that the parody was good-natured. [Pattison, "The Background of Peire D'Alvernhe's "Chantarai D'Aquest Trobadors", 20.] Besides the criticism of a personal nature, many of the criticism launched by Peire allude to the works of the others, notably those of Bernart de Ventadorn and Raimbaut d'Aurenga. [For Bernart, see Harvey, 21–22. For Raimbaut, see Pattison, "The Background of Peire D'Alvernhe's "Chantarai D'Aquest Trobadors", 21–22.]

Music

Peire's "vida" acclaimed him an accomplished singer and the greatest composer of melodies for verses yet known. [Aubrey, "References to Music", 124.] Peire's famous "Chantarai d'aquest trobadors" contains a final "tornada" indicating its musical nature, though its own melody has not survived:Only two of Peire's melodies still exist: one of "Dejosta.ls breus jorns e.ls lonc sers", [Also spelled "Deioste as bries jors" or "Deiosta.ls breus iorns".] a "canso", and another of his "tenso". Modern notations of both are provided in Aubrey, "The Music of the Troubadours".

On the whole, Peire's music is more melismatic than that typical of the troubadours and it mimics the "trobar clus" style of his lyrics. [Aubrey, "The Music of the Troubadours", 235.]

References

Bibliography

*d'Alvernha, Peire. "Liriche". Alberto del Monte (trans. and ed.) Turin: Loescher-Chiantore, 1955.
*Aubrey, Elizabeth. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0001-6241%28198905%2F08%291%3A61%3A2%3C110%3ARTMIOO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W "References to Music in Old Occitan Literature."] "Acta Musicologica", 61:2 (May–Aug., 1989), pp. 110–149.
*Aubrey, Elizabeth. "The Music of the Troubadours". Indiana University Press, 1996. ISBN 0 253 21389 4.
*Egan, Margarita (ed. and trans.) "The Vidas of the Troubadours". New York: Garland, 1984. ISBN 0 8240 9437 9.
*Gaunt, Simon, and Kay, Sarah. "Appendix I: Major Troubadours" (pp. 279–291). "The Troubadours: An Introduction". Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0 521 574730.
*Harvey, Ruth. "Courtly culture in medieval Occitania" (pp. 8–27). "The Troubadours: An Introduction". Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0 521 574730.
*Lang, H. R. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0149-6611%28189504%2910%3A4%3C104%3ATROTEP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S "The Relations of the Earliest Portuguese Lyric School with the Troubadours and Trouvères."] "Modern Language Notes", 10:4 (Apr., 1895), pp. 104–116.
*Léglu, Catherine. "Moral and satirical poetry" (pp. 47–65). "The Troubadours: An Introduction". Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0 521 574730.
*Paterson, Linda. "Fin'amor" and the development of the courtly "canso" (pp. 28–46). "The Troubadours: An Introduction". Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0 521 574730.
*Pattison, Walter T. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-8232%28193308%2931%3A1%3C19%3ATBOPD%22%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R "The Background of Peire D'Alvernhe's "Chantarai D'Aquest Trobadors"."] "Modern Philology", 31:1 (Aug., 1933), pp. 19–34.
*Pattison, Walter T. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0030-8129%28193503%2950%3A1%3C14%3ATTOPDS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T "The Troubadours of Peire D'Alvernhe's Satire in Spain."] "PMLA", 50:1 (Mar., 1935), pp. 14–24.
*Puckett, Jaye. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-7910%28200109%29116%3A4%3C844%3A%22NETTA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z "Reconmenciez novele estoire": The Troubadours and the Rhetoric of the Later Crusades."] "Modern Language Notes", 116:4, French Issue. (Sep., 2001), pp. 844–889.
*Shapiro, Marianne. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0097-9740%28197821%293%3A3%3C560%3ATPTATL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1 "The Provençal Trobairitz and the Limits of Courtly Love."] "Signs", 3:3 (Spring, 1978), pp. 560–571.
*Spence, Sarah. "Rhetoric and hermeneutics" (pp. 164–180). "The Troubadours: An Introduction". Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0 521 574730.

Notes

External links

* [http://www.trobar.org/troubadours/alvernha/ Peire d'Alvernha: Complete Works] at Trobar. org