Armand Philippon

Infobox Military Person
name= Armand Philippon
lived= 27 August 1761 – 4 May, 1836
placeofbirth= Rouen
placeofdeath=


caption= Armand Phillipon c. 1803
nickname=
allegiance= flagicon|France French Empire
serviceyears= 1778–1814
rank= Major General ("Général de Division")
branch= La Grande Armée
commands=
unit=
battles= French Revolutionary Wars Peninsular War
awards=
laterwork=

Armand Philippon (27 August 1761 – 4 May 1836), sometimes called Phillipon,harvtxt|Oman|1911|p=270 and harvtxt|Fortescue|1917|p=138 are examples of the use of "Phillipon", although both historians use both spellings (see harvtxt|Oman|1911|p=253 and harvtxt|Fortescue|1917|p=382).] was a French soldier during the French Revolution and the subsequent First French Empire.

Despite enlisting in the army as a private soldier, Philippon rose to the rank of "Général de Division" during the Peninsular War, and was created Baron in 1809.harvnb|Mullié|1851|pp=442–443.] He was Governor of Badajoz between 1811 and 1812, when he was captured by the British following the Battle of Badajoz. After his capture, Philippon was taken to the UK, but he broke his parole and returned to France and the Grande Armée before retiring from military service on 15 January 1814.harvtxt|Mullié|1851|pp=443–444 and harvtxt|Haythornthwaite|2004|p=124.]

Biography

Philippon was born in Rouen on 27 August 1761, and enlisted as a soldier in the Regiment of Lorraine on 15 April 1778. He was promoted to Corporal on 16 April 1785, Sergeant in November 1786 and Sergeant Major on 15 April 1790. He received his commission on 9 August 1792, when he was named Captain in the 7th battalion of Bec-d'Ambès. He spent 1792–93 campaigning with the "Armée du Nord", under the command of Generals Joseph Servan and Léonard Muller, before joining the "Armée des Pyrénées occidentales" under General Moncey. While serving on the Spanish border, Philippon distinguished himself by capturing a fort at Irursum, defended by 2,500 Spanish troops, with only 600 men. This act of bravery resulted in Philippon's promotion to Adjutant-General and provisional "Chef de Brigade".harvnb|Mullié|1851|p=443.]

Philippon was transferred to the Army of the West in Year IV (1795–1796), then posted to the Army of the Danube in Year VII (1798–1799) where he was given command of the 87th "demi-Brigade". The years IX–XI (1800–1803) were spent campaigning in Grisons, Valais, Switzerland and Italy, and in October 1803 he became Colonel of the 54th Line regiment.harvnb|Haythornthwaite|2004|p=124.]

After moving to the French Army of Hanover, Philippon was made a member of the Légion d'honneur on 19 Frimaire Year XII (November 1803) and an officer of that order on 25 Prairial (14 June 1804). He served in Spain during the Peninsular War from 1808, was created a baron in 1809, and saw action with General Pierre Lapisse's division of Marshal Victor's I Corps at the Battle of Talavera and the Siege of Cádiz. Philippon's conduct at Cádiz resulted in his promotion to Brigadier General ("Général de Brigade") on 25 June 1810.

Philippon took part in Marshal Soult's expedition into Extremadura in 1811, and distinguished himself again at the Battle of the Gebora. Following the capture by the French of the important fortress town of Badajoz after the first siege of Badajoz, Philippon was named Governor of the town on 11 March 1811, and he made his name defending the fortress through the second siege.harvtxt|Mullié|1851|p=443 and harvtxt|Haythornthwaite|2004|p=124.] While Sir William Beresford, the commander of the Allied Anglo–Spanish–Portuguese corps besieging Badajoz, was defending against Soult's attempt to relieve the siege at the Battle of Albuera, Philippon led a sally from Badajoz and destroyed much of the abandoned siege-works, [harvnb|Oman|1911|pp=395–397.] and continued to offer resistance to Allies until the siege was lifted on 20 June. [harvnb|Weller|1962|pp=187–189.]

In recognition of his defence of Badajoz, Philippon was promoted to Major General ("Général de Division") on 9 July 1811, and he remained in command of the fortress's garrison. When the Allies returned to lay siege to the town in 1812, Philippon's defences once more obstructed attempts to capture it. The obstructions he constructed made the breaches in the fortress's walls impregnable, and Badajoz was only captured following the unexpected success of a diversionary escalade. When the town fell to the Allies on 6 April, following the Battle of Badajoz, Philippon retreated to the outlying fort at San Cristóbal, across the Guadiana river, but was forced to surrender the following day. He was taken first to Lisbon, and then shipped to England where he took up residence in Oswestry. In July 1812, however, he broke his parole, left Oswestry, and with the help of smugglers returned to France.

Having returned to the Grande Armée in August 1812, Philippon was given command of the 1st Division, 1 Corps on 23 March 1813. In April of that year, he transferred to 11 Corps, and campaigned with Vandamme in Bohemia. It was Philippon's skilled manoeuvring following the Battle of Kulm that allowed the remnants of the Vandamme's army to retreat to Dresden, where Philippon was made prisoner along with Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr's Corps.harvnb|Mullié|1851|p=444.]

Returning to France at the time of the First Restoration, Philippon was created a Knight of Saint Louis, retired from military service on 15 January 1814, and died on 4 May 1836.

Notes

References

*citation
last = Fortescue
first = Sir John
author-link = John William Fortescue
publication-date = 1917
date = 1917
year = 1917
title = A History of the British Army
volume = VIII
publisher = Macmillan
url = http://www.archive.org/details/historyofbritish08fortuoft
accessdate = 2007-09-13;
*citation
last = Haythornthwaite
first = Philip
publication-date = 2004
date = 2004
year = 2004
title = Brassey's Almanac: The Peninsular War; The Complete Companion to the Iberian Campaigns, 1807––14
publisher = Chrysalis Books Group
isbn = 1-85753-329-1;
*citation
last = Mullié
first = Charles
publication-date = 1851
date = 1851
year = 1851
title = Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850
volume = 2
publisher = Pignavant et Comp
url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-36797&M=chemindefer
accessdate = 2007-12-12 (French language);
*citation
last = Oman
first = Sir Charles
author-link = Charles Oman
publication-date = 2004
date = 1911
year = 1911
title = A History of the Peninsular War: Volume IV, December 1810 to December 1811
publisher = Greenhill Books
isbn = 1-85367-618-7;
*citation
last = Weller
first = Jac
publication-date = 1962
date = 1962
year = 1962
title = Wellington in the Peninsula
publisher = Nicholas Vane.

Persondata
NAME = Philippon, Armand
ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Phillipon, Armand
SHORT DESCRIPTION = French General
DATE OF BIRTH = 27 August 1761
PLACE OF BIRTH = Rouen
DATE OF DEATH = 4 May, 1836
PLACE OF DEATH =