Female Public Intellectuals

A Public Intellectual can be defined as somebody who uses his or her intellect to work, study, reflect, speculate on or ask and answer questions about a wide variety of ideas. Though the term 'public intellectual' has traditionally remained non gender specific it continues historically to be a role predominantly occupied by men. [ [http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,1252059,00.htmll] Article by Laura Barton for the Guardian 2004] As a result of this, there continues to remain a distinct absence of notable female public intellectuals active within the public sphere and consequently the intellectual history of women has tended to remain undervalued and discredited. There are a number of explanations for the lack of female public intellectuals as compared to their male counterparts. These explanations address issues such as institutionalized discrimination within the academy, the problems which arise from female intellectuals who strongly advocate feminist ideology and theory and the impact of the media and academy in the conceptualization of 'woman as her body'.

Women and the Academy

The traditional exclusion of women from the public sphere and from contributing to or initiating discourse as public intellectual can be seen to stem from, as well as parallel, the exclusion and discrimination of women within the academic field.

The origin of this discrimination lies in the power relations existing both in universities and other higher education establishments, which historically have facilitated the institutionalization of notions of hegemonic masculinity. This means that it is possible to identify the language, concepts, codes and conventions of academia as recognizably “a man’s world”, [Walsh, V:"Transgression and the Academy:Feminists and Institutionalization", in "Feminist Academics: Creative Agents for Change, Taylor and Francis, 1995, p.86] something which poses serious restrictions on women eager to establish both a professional and intellectual identity. Because universities essentially originated from all-male communities and for six hundred years sought specifically to exclude women from participation, the initial identification of knowledge was with men, a notion which still remains powerful and destructive for women academics today. [Walsh, V:"Transgression and the Academy:Feminists and Institutionalization", in "Feminist Academics: Creative Agents for Change, Taylor and Francis, 1995, p.88.]

This association of men with knowledge is also an important consideration when explaining the absence of female public intellectuals. Women who struggle to establish a career in academia, (because their approach to and accumulation of knowledge may be viewed as less credible then that of their male counterparts) also inevitably struggle to carve out a career as a public intellectual for the same reason. This is because the process of being identified as intellectually able, making a reputation, mentoring and networking tends to provide cumulative advantages to men and disadvantages to women. [Heward, C: "Women and Careers in Higher Education", in "Breaking Boundaries:Women in Higher Education, Taylor and Francis, 1996, p.21.] The continuous privileging of men and hegemonic masculinities and devaluation of women and feminists has had cumulative effects on those who have succeeded in becoming senior academics and/or public intellectuals.

Considering that many public intellectuals also tend to emerge from an esteemed backgrounds in academia, such as Noam Chomsky and Richard Dawkins, it is clear to see why women continue to struggle within the public intellectual sphere. In the academic profession, ‘The main currency….is reputation’ (Becher 1989, p.52). Peer evaluation of intellectual work, theses, publications, conference papers and research applications is the basis of academic careers. Thus if men, in senior academic positions are judging the work of women who occupy less prestigious roles, it could be argued that the intellectual contributions of women to the academy may be subject to discrimination and male standards of approval, leading the work of women to be devalued.

This scenario is also applicable to public intellectuals, the most senior of whom have both the power and duty to evaluate and make judgement upon the work of their peers. Essentially, the most successful public intellectuals, most commonly men, possess the power to control the careers of aspirants (often women) by evaluating their intellectual output, theses, papers, books and research applications. However if the same principles of hegemonic masculinity apply to the world of the public intellectual as they do to the academy, then there is usually only a limited opportunity for women to use either their academic background as a springboard for establishing themselves as public intellectuals, or outside of the academy, to be recognised as a credible individual, with important things to say.

Female Public Intellectuals and Feminist Ideology

One theory as to why there is a notable lack of female public intellectuals is that by approaching their work from a distinctly feminist perspective many women intellectuals tend to alienate themselves from the wider public. Feminist theory often has a narrow focus dealing with themes such as discrimination, stereotyping, objectification (especially sexual objectification), oppression and patriarchy which despite there importance may only appeal to a small interest-group.Fact|date=May 2008 In this case, female intellectuals arguing from an ideological feminist perspective fail to embody a primary characteristic of the public intellectual; synthesizing disparate areas of knowledge for a broader lay audience. [Parsi, K.P and K.E. Geraghty, (2004) The Bioethicist as Public Intellectual. The American Journal of Bioethics 4(1):W17-W23.]

Arguing from a strictly feminist standpoint can lead female intellectuals to neglect engaging in debate upon a broad spectrum of topics; science, politics, high and low art, literature, evolution, the Iraq war and the origins of the universe are some examples. [ [http://www.iwf.org/news/show/18926.html] .Article by Charlotte Allen for the Independent Women's Forum] . Most female intellectuals tend to take a strong feminist perspective and as a result may focus on issues concerning only women, such as women's rights and women's interests.Fact|date=May 2008 Sometimes this poses no restrictions; prominent female intellectuals such as Germaine Greer, Gloria Steinem, Barbara Ehrenreich, Naomi Wolf, Susan Faludi, Deborah Tannen and Natalie Angier all draw from a feminist paradigm and as well as being recognized as public intellectuals they are also considered professional feminists.

However, some critics argue that ideological feminism and feminist theory have 'ghettoized and trivialized the subject matter of women’s writing and as a successful ideology, they has served to foreclose debate.(Allen, 2004) [ [http://www.iwf.org/news/show/18926.html] .Article by Charlotte Allen for the Independent Women's Forum] This becomes problematic to feminist intellectuals working within the public sphere primarily because varied debate is often considered the hallmark of the public intellectual.

Historically, female public intellectuals have appeared not take a deep interest in an array of intellectual pursuits and thus do not argue on subjects of a universal interest.Fact|date=May 2008 This can be seen as contradictory to the work of a public intellectual who should adopt an interpretative approach, creating broader meaning for individuals, as opposed to presenting narrow facts about the world. [Parsi, K.P and K.E. Geraghty, (2004) The Bioethicist as Public Intellectual. The American Journal of Bioethics 4(1):W17-W23.]

Linda Colley an historian who was listed on Prospect Magazine's, ‘Britain’s Top 100 Public Intellectuals’ also supports this view. In an interview with Laura Barton of The Guardian she stated that ‘she believed her place on the list could be down to the fact that, in her writing, she ventured into male intellectual terrain and did not restrict her work to dealing with purely feminist concerns: She stated, ‘ I write history books about war and nationalism and empire. And on the whole that is not women write about’ [ [http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,1252059,00.htmll] Article by Laura Barton for the Guardian 2004]

Charlotte Allen also claims that ideological feminism had traditionally, systematically tried to shout out dissent, again contradicting the role of a public intellectual whose job it is to evoke controversial and uncomfortable ideas within the public consciousness. As a consequence, Allen writes, ‘The vast majority of women who might otherwise qualify as public intellectuals would rather recite the feminist catechism or articulate some new twists and refinements on it than carve out a place for themselves in the larger public world.’ [ [http://www.iwf.org/news/show/18926.html] .Article by Charlotte Allen for the Independent Women's Forum]

References

* Walsh, V: "Transgression and the Academy: Feminists and Institutionalization", in "Feminist Academics:Creative Agents for Change", Taylor and Francis, 1995.
* Heward, C: “Women and Careers in Higher Education: What is the Problem?”, in “Breaking Boundaries: Women in Higher Education”, Taylor and Francis, 1996.
* Barton, L, “Heres a few you missed..”, http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,1252059,00.html Article in the Guardian, 2004. (Accessed, Nov. 2007)
* Allen, C: “Feminist Fatale”, http://www.papillonsartpalace.com/whWereare.htm, Article for “Independent Women’s Forum”, 2005. (Accessed, Nov.2007)

ee also

* Intellectuals
* Academics