Alfred J. Gross

Infobox Person
name = Irving A. Gross


image_size = 200px
caption = Photographed by Leo Sorel
birth_date = birth date|1918|2|22|mf=y
birth_place = Toronto, Ontario, Canada
death_date = death date and age|2000|12|21|1918|2|22|mf=y
death_place = Sun City, Arizona, U.S.
occupation = Inventor, Engineer
main interests = Wireless communication
spouse =

Irving A. Gross (also incorrectly known as Alfred J. Gross) (February 22, 1918 – December 21, 2000) was a pioneer in mobile wireless communication. He invented and patented many important communications devices, including the first walkie-talkie, CB radio, the telephone pager and the cordless telephone. Despite the successes of these inventions, his patents expired too early to make any amount of money from them.

Biography

Gross was born in Toronto, Ontario, in Canada in 1918, but grew up in Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States.His lifelong enthusiasm for radio was sparked at age nine, when travelling on Lake Erie by a steamboat. While sneaking around the boat he ended up in the radio transmissions room. The ship's operator sat him on his lap and let him listen in on transmissions. Three years later, Gross turned the basement of his house into a radio station, built from scavenged junkyard parts.

At sixteen he earned his amateur radio license, and he used his call sign (W8PAL) his whole life.

The walkie-talkie

His interest and knowledge in radio technology had grown considerably by the time he in 1936 entered the BSEE program at Cleveland's Case of Applied Sciences(now a part of Case Western Reserve University).He was determined to investigate the unexplored frequency region above 100 MHz, and between 1938 and1941 he invented and patented a mobile, lightweight, two-way communications system; the "walkie-talkie".

World War II

During World War II, Gross had some limited involvement in building a two-way air-to-ground communications system for the US Office of Strategic Services (OSS, a forerunner to the CIA) for use in military operations, known as the Joan-Eleanor system. It comprised a hand-held SSTC-502 transceiver ("Joan") and a much larger aircraft-based SSTR-6 transceiver ("Eleanor"). Gross' actual contribution to the project is unclear (he was not an OSS member), but the main developers on the project were Dewitt R. Goddard and Lt. Cmdr. Stephen H. Simpson (Goddard's wife's name was Eleanor, and reportedly Joan was an acquaintance of Simpson). The system operated at frequencies above 250 MHz, which was at a much higher frequency than the enemy had thought conceivable. This allowed operatives using "Joan" to communicate with high altitude bombers carrying "Eleanor" for times of 10-15 minutes without the use of code words, eliminating the need for decryption. It was developed beginning in late 1942, was highly successful and very difficult to detect behind enemy lines at the time. It was marked top secret by the U.S. Military until it was declassified and made public in 1976.

Citizens' Band (CB)

After the war the FCC allocated the first frequencies for personal radio services; the Citizens' Radio Service Frequency Band (1946). Gross formed a company to produce two-way communications system to utilize these frequencies, and hiscompany was the first to receive FCC approval in 1948. He sold more than 100 thousand units of his system, mostly to farmers and the U.S. Coast Guard.

Telephone pager

Another breakthrough came in 1949 when he adapted his two-way radios to one-way for cordless remote telephonic signaling. He had effectively inventedthe first telephone pager system. His intention was for this system to be used by medical doctors, but was met with skepticism by doctors who were afraid the system would upset patients and interrupt them during golf. He invented the pager in New York. This same technology is used in one-way radio signaling devices such as garage door openers.

Later years

In 1950 he tried in vain to interest telephone companies in mobile telephony. Bell Telephone was uninterested, and other companies wereafraid of Bell's monopoly on transmission lines.

Gross continued inventing, and began working as a specialist in microwave and other communications systems for companies such as Sperry and General Electric. He continued working until his death at age 82.

Quotes

In an interview by the Arizona Republic Newspaper, he was asked about his many patents that expiredtoo early for him to capitalize on them. He responded with a smile, saying:

In popular culture

Cartoonist Chester Gould once visited Gross and saw his wristwatch-radio prototype. After the visit, Gould called up Gross and asked if he could use this concept for his Dick Tracy comic strip. Gross said yes, and in January, 1946, the Dick Tracy cartoon was changed forever with the introduction of the iconic two-way wrist radio.

Recognition

Gross has received much recognition for his work, including, but not limited to:

Awards

* 1992: Fred B. Link Award from the Radio Club of America
* 1984: IEEE Centennial Medal for his work in VHF and UHF mobile radio.
* 1997: Marconi Memorial Gold Medal of Achievement from the Veteran Wireless Operators Association
* 1998: Eta Kappa Nu's Vladimir Karapetoff Eminent Members' Award
* 1999: Edwin Howard Armstrong Achievement Award from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
* 2000: IEEE Millennium Medal

Honors

* 2000: Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award for Invention and Innovation

See also

* Wireless communication
* Radio

References

* [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/62/19670/00911321.pdf?isnumber=19670&prod=STD&arnumber=911321&arnumber=911321&arSt=43&ared=44&arAuthor=Schroer%2C+R. In Memoriam, from IEEE] (requires login)

External links

* [http://imagebase.lib.vt.edu/browse.php?folio_ID=/science/gross VirginaTech images of Al Gross and exhibitions]
* [http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/gross.html Inventor of the Week] — Article on Al Gross from MIT
* [http://www.446user.co.uk/article_48.html Al Gross - father of Walkie Talkiees] — Short article on Al Gross from a PMR446 website.
* [http://www.theinstitute.ieee.org/inst_art.jsp?isno=06043&arnumber=08951_pph&section=15 Interview with Al Gross from 1999]
* [http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_walkie_talkie.htm About.com article on walkie-talkie]
* [http://www.comsoc.org/socstr/org/operation/awards/assocpress.html Article Al Gross Orbit in Associated Press]
* [http://www.retrocom.com/Al%20Gross.htm Al Gross recorded interviews and extensive biography]
* [http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/transcripts_010601_gross.html Al Gross Obituary — Audio interview]
* [http://hamgallery.com/Tribute/W8PAL/ Hamgallery.com tribute]
* [http://web.mit.edu/invent/a-winners/a-gross.html Al Gross — Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award]
* [http://www.ieee.org/organizations/pubs/newsletters/emcs/winter01/al_gross.htm Al Gross — Prominent Member of EMC Society]
* [http://www.arrl.org/w1aw/2000-arlx014.html ARLX014 Personal Communications Pioneer Al Gross, W8PAL, SK]
* [http://www.google.com/patents?lr=&q=%22irving+a.+gross%22&btnG=Search+Patents Patents filed to "Irving A. Gross" from Google patents]
* [http://www.retrocom.com/Al%20Gross.htm articles about Al Gross]