Bernd Alois Zimmermann

:"This article has been partially translated from the German wikipedia article."

Bernd Alois Zimmermann (March 20, 1918 - August 10, 1970 ; full name "Bernhard Alois Zimmermann") was a post-WWII West German composer. He is perhaps best known for his opera Die Soldaten which is regarded as one of the most important operas of the 20th century. As a result of his individual style, it is hard to label his music as avant-garde, serial or postmodern. His music employs a wide range of methods including the twelve-tone row and musical quotation.

Life

Zimmermann was born in Bliesheim near Cologne. He grew up in a rural Catholic community in western Germany. His father worked for the German Reichsbahn (Imperial Railway) and was also a farmer. In 1929, Zimmermann began attending a private Catholic school, where he had his first real encounter with music. After the National Socialists (or Nazis) closed all private schools, he switched to a public Catholic school in Cologne where, in 1937, he received his Abitur, the German equivalent of a high school diploma.

In the same year, he fulfilled his duty for the Reichsarbeitsdienst and spent the 1937/1938 winter semester studying pedagogy at the Hochschule für Lehrerausbildung (lit. University for Teacher Training) in Bonn.

He began studying Music Education, Musicology and Composition in the winter of 1938 at the University for Music in Cologne. In 1940, he was drafted in the Wehrmacht (the German Army) but was released in 1942 due to a severe skin illness. After he returned to his studies, he didn't receive a degree until 1947 due to the ending of the war. However, he was already busy as a free-lance composer in 1946, predominantly for radio. From 1948 to 1950, he was a participant in the Kranichsteiner/Darmstädter Ferienkursen für Neue Musik (lit. Kranichstein/Darmstadt Vacation Course for New Music) where he studied under René Leibowitz and Wolfgang Fortner, among others.

In 1957, he received a scholarship to spend time at the German Academy Villa Massimo in Rome. He also assumed the position of Professor of Composition (from Frank Martin) as well as Film and Broadcast Music at the Cologne Music University. In the 60s, he received more attention and success as a composer (including a second scholarship to the Villa Massimo in 1963 and a fellowship in the Berlin Academy of the Arts), especially after his opera "Die Soldaten" (The Soldiers) finally premiered in 1965. The opera had previously not been performed due to the enormous number of people required and the musical difficulty—the Cologne Opera had considered it "unspielbar" (not performable). He was living in Grosskönigsdorf near Cologne. Nevertheless, his depressive tendencies increased to a more physical level, compounded by a quickly deteriorating eye problem. On August 10, 1970, Zimmermann committed suicide, just five days after completing the score to "Ich wandte mich um und sah alles Unrecht das geschah unter der Sonne". At the time, he was preparing another opera, "Medea".

Music

In his own compositional growth, he took his place in the progression of new music, from which the German composers were mostly separated during the Nazi regime. He began writing works in the neoclassical style, continued with free atonality and twelve-tone music and eventually arrived at serialism (in 1956). His affection for jazz can sometimes be heard in some of his compositions (more so in his Violin Concerto or Trumpet Concerto).

In contrast to the so called Darmstadt School (Stockhausen, Boulez, Nono, etc.), Zimmermann did not make a radical break with tradition. At the end of the 50s, he developed his own personal compositional style, the pluralistic "Klangkomposition" (German word referring to the compositional style that focuses on planes (or areas) of sound and tone-colors). The combination and overlapping of layers of musical material from various time periods (from Medieval to Baroque and Classical to Jazz and Pop music) using advanced musical techniques is characteristic of Klangkomposition. Zimmermann's use of this technique ranged from the embedding of individual musical quotes (seen somewhat in his orchestral work "Photoptosis") to pieces that are built entirely as a collage (the ballet "Musique pour les soupers du Roi Ubu"). In his vocal works, especially his "Requiem", the text is used to progress the piece by overlapping texts from various sources. He created his own musical stance using the metaphor "the spherical form of time" ['Bernd Alois Zimmermann, Germany (1918-1970)' [http://www.ubu.com/sound/zimmermann.html UbuWeb] (Accessed May 28, 2006)]

Works

*"Extemporale" for piano (1946)
*"Capriccio for Piano"
*"Lob der Torheit" (burlesque cantata from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, for Solo, choir and large orchestra (1947)
*"Enchidrion I" for piano (1949)
*"Alagoana (Caprichos Brasileiros)" Ballet Suite (1950)
*"Concert for Violin and orchestra" (1950)
*Sonata for solo violin (1951)
*Symphony in one movement (1951, revised 1953)
*"Enchidrion II" for piano (1951)
*Concerto for oboe and chamber orchestra (1952)
*"Des Menschen Unterhaltsprozeß gegen Gott" (lit. "The People's Way of Living Contrary to God") Radio opera in three acts with text from Pedro Calderón de la Barca and adapted by Matthias Bungart.
*"Nobody knows the trouble I see" Concert for trumpet and chamber orchestra (1954)
*Sonata for Viola solo (1955)
*"Konfigurationen" (Configurations) for piano (1956)
*"Perspektiven - Musik für ein imaginäres Ballet" (Perspectives - Music for an imaginary ballet." for 2 pianos (1956)
*"Die fromme Helene" from Wilhelm Busch sounded as a "Rondo popolare" for narrator and *instrumental ensemble (1957)
*"Canto di speranza" Cantata for cello and chamber orchestra (1957)
*"Omnia tempus habent" Cantata for soprano and 17 instruments (1957)
*"Dialoge" Concerto for two pianos and orchestra (1960)
**Re-written with the title "Monologue" for two pianos (1964)
*Sonata for solo cello (1960)
*"Présence, ballet blanc" for piano trio and narrator (with words from Paul Pörtner) (1961)
*"Antiphonen" for viola and 25 instrumentalists (1961)
*"Tempus Loquendi" for solo flute (1963)
*"Musique pour les soupers du Roi Ubu" Ballet from the piece "Ubu Roi" by Alfred Jarry (1966)
*"Die Soldaten" Opera in four acts, libretto by the composer after the drama of the same name by Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz (1965)
*Concerto for Cello and Orchestra "en forme de pas de trois" (1966)
*"Tratto" Electronic composition (1967)
*"Intercomunicazione" for cello and piano (1967)
*"Die Befristeten" for jazz quintet (1967)
*"Photoptosis" Prelude for large orchestra (1968)
*"Requiem für einen jungen Dichter - Lingual" for narrator, soprano, baritone, three choirs, electric tape, orchestra, jazz combo and organ (1969)
*"Vier kurze Studien" for solo cello (1970)
*"Stille und Umkehr" orchestra sketches (1970)
*"Tratto 2" Electronic composition (1970)
*"Ich wandte mich um und sah alles Unrecht das geschah unter der Sonne - Ekklesiastische Aktion" for two narrators, bass and orchestra (1970)
*Plus various compositions for radio, theater and film

Literary Influences

The novel "How is This Going to Continue?" (2007) by James Chapman is modelled after Zimmermann's "Requiem für einen jungen Dichter - Lingual", and includes passages that pay tribute to the composer's life and death.Fact|date=August 2008

Notes

Citations

#Much of the content of this article comes from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Alois_Zimmermann the equivalent German-language wikipedia article] (retrieved May 28, 2006).
#'Bernd Alois Zimmermann, Germany (1918-1970)' [http://www.ubu.com/sound/zimmermann.html UbuWeb] (Accessed May 28, 2006)
#McCredie, Andrew D. (with Marion Rothärmel): 'Zimmermann, Bernd Alois', Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed [May 28, 2006] ), [http://www.grovemusic.com Grove Music]

Listening

* [http://www.avantgardeproject.org/AGP10/index.htm Bernd Alois Zimmermann at the Avant Garde Project] has FLAC files made from high-quality LP transcriptions of "Musique pour les soupers du Roi Ubu" and the Vocal Symphony from "Die Soldaten" available for free download.