- Pavel Jacobi
Pavel Ivanovich Jacobi ( _ru. Павел Иванович Якоби or Якобий; OldStyleDate|15 July|1841|3 July ,
Kazan - OldStyleDate|24 March|1913|11 March) was aRussia n socialist, member of the Land and Liberty society, ethnographer and physician. [http://www.oval.ru/enc/87696.html "Pavel Jacobi" article] in theGreat Soviet Encyclopedia ru icon] . He was a pioneer of the Pinel reforms of psychiatry inRussia , credited to be first who formulated all the principles for the newparadigm in the organizational psychiatry [http://www.npar.ru/journal/2007/1/175years.php "175 Years on our Pinel Reform and the Life of the Reform in Russia] ru icon ] .Pavel Jacobi was a born to a noble family of retired
colonel Ivan Karlovich Jacobi . He was a younger brother of painterValery Jacobi .Pavel Jacobi graduated fromMikhailovskaya Artillery Military School in 1860 and continued his education inMikhailovskaya Artillery Military Academy . Soon he became a member of the socialist "Circle of Artillerists-Chernyshevs" that included such future prominent revolutionaries asPeter Kropotkin andPyotr Lavrov . Jacobi retired from the Army and studied at theUniversity of Heidelberg .In 1863-1864 he participated in the
January Uprising inPoland planning to organize "Russian Republican Legion" fighting for the freedom of Poland from theRussian Empire [http://www.internist.ru/Yakobij.html "Pavel Ivanovich Jacobiy"] by E.N. Ashkhimina] . He was heavily wounded in the Battle ofKruszyna 30 August 1863 . After recovering he was the Chief of Staff of Insurgent formations in Galicia. After suppressing of the uprising Jacobi emigrated toSwitzerland .In 1864 Jacobi enters and in 1868 graduated from the Medical Department of the
University of Zurich . He became a leader of the "Young Emigration" circle of the Land and Liberty society and published polemical political articles criticizing socialistAlexander Herzen for being to moderate. He also tried to introduce theories ofKarl Marx into the field offorensic medicine . In Switzerland he married Varvara Alexandrovna Zaytseva, sister of Russian publicistVarfolomey Zaytsev (1842–1882) [http://www.npar.ru/journal/2007/1/yakobiy.php "Lesser known pages of life of Pavel Ivanovich Jacobiy"] by I.I. Schigolev ru icon ] .In 1871 during the
Franco-Prussian War Jacobi served as a military doctor in theArmy of the Vosges led byGiuseppe Garibaldi . His wife, Zaytseva-Jacobi also served in the Army of the Vosges as a medical nurse and later left popular memoirs "Among Garibaldians. Memoirs of a Russian Woman".In 1880 Jacobi writes an important article "Morality in Psychiatric Statistics" (Нравственность в психиатрической статистике). The statistical calculations for the article were performed by Russian mathematician
Sofia Kovalevskaya . The work was later become the basis ofCesare Lombroso 's monograph "L'uomo di genio in rapporto alla psichiatria" (Man of Genius)In 1890 Jacobi returned to Russia, where he worked as a psychiatrist in
Moscow ,Orel and other locations, as well as conducting ethnographic research. He was one of the people that made possible transformation of psychiatric institutions from the places for isolation of mad people into the medical clinics primary concerned with the treatment of their patients. Jacobi organized the psychiatric clinic in Kishkinka,Orel (now Orel Regional Psychiatric Hospital) and the psychiatric clinic inPokrovskoye-Mescherskoye nearMoscow (now Moscow Regional Psychiatric Hospital N2) that were exemplary for their times. He also participated in establishing psychiatric institutions inKharkov ,Kursk andMogilev . Jacobi is credited to be the first who formulated the all the principles for the newparadigm in the organizational psychiatry towards Pinel ideas of non-confinement. It was done during a historical debate of 1891 about the future of Russian psychiatry and required expertise in both European new theories and psychiatric practice in contemporary Russia.One of the main ethnographic results of Jacobi at the time was discovering people of clearly Finno-Ugric descent, whom he attributed to be descendants of historical
Vyatichs tribe [ [http://www.petergen.com/sources/vyatichi.shtml "Vyatichs of Orel Gubernia"] by S.V. Kochevykh ru icon ] .Pavel Jacobi died in
Saint Petersburg in 1913. His son,Ivan Palvovich Jacobiy was a notable political thinker ofWhite Emigre , the author of the book "Nicholas II and the Revolution" (Tallinn , 1937).Major works
*Проект организации земского попечения о душевнобольных Московской губернии, ч. 1-2, М., 1891-92; (Project of organization
zemstvo care of mental patients of Moscow Gubernia, in two volumes, 1891-1892)
*Основы административной психиатрии, Орел, 1900; (Basics of AdministrativePsychiatry ), 1900 )
*Глухонемые, СПБ, 1907; (Deaf and Dumb, 1907)
*Вятичи Орловской губернии, СПБ, 1907 {Vyatichs of Orel Gubernia, 1907)References
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