Hendiatris

Hendiatris (Greek for "one through three") is a figure of speech used for emphasis, in which three words are used to express one idea. For example, the phrase "wine, women and song" uses three words to capture one idea.

If the units involved are not single words, and if they are not in any way synonyms but rather "circumnavigate" the one idea expressed, the figure may be more correctly, precisely, and expediently described as a triad.

Tripartite motto is the conventional English term for a motto, a slogan, or an advertising phrase in the form of a hendiatris. Perhaps equally well-known throughout the world are Julius Caesar's "Veni vidi vici" (an example of a tricolon) and the motto of the French Republic: "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité".

In rhetorical teaching, such triple iterations marked the classic rhythm of Ciceronian style, typified by the triple rhetorical questions of his first Oration Against Catiline::"Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? quamdiu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet? quem ad finem sese effrenata jactabit audacia?" :Until when will you abuse, Catilina, our patience? For how long will that madness of yours elude even us? To what end does your unbridled boldness toss itself about?

In ancient Greece and Rome, such abstractions as liberty and justice were theologized. Hence the earliest tripartite mottoes are lists of the names of goddesses: "Eunomia", "Dike", and "Eirene". These late Greek goddesses, respectively "Good Order, Justice, and Peace" were collectively referred to by the Romans as the "Horae". Their list is remarkably similar to the Canadian motto, "Peace, Order and Good Government". The Romans had "Concordia", "Salus", and "Pax", collectively called the "Fortunae". The names of these mean "Harmony, Health, and Peace".

From the 18th century, the tripartite motto was primarily political. John Locke's "Life, Liberty, and Property" was adapted by Thomas Jefferson when he wrote the United States Declaration of Independence into "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness", which has become the American equivalent of the French triad listed above. The initial Carlist motto was "God, Country, King".Lenin and the Bolsheviks adopted a tripartite motto for the Russian Revolution, "Peace, Land, and Bread." During the New Deal, the projects of the President were summed up as "Relief, Recovery, and Reform". Later the form was used for strident fascist patter, such as Fascist Italy's "Credere! Obbedire! Combattere!" This means "Believe! Obey! Fight!" A famous Nazi slogan is also tripartite: "Ein Volk! Ein Reich! Ein Führer!": "One people! One empire! One leader!". The modern motto of Germany: "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit" ("Unity and Justice and Freedom") is inscribed on the side of German euro coins, as it was on Deutsche Mark coins. The 1974 Carnation Revolution in Portugal aimed at three immediate goals: "Descolonização, Democratização, Desenvolvimento" (decolonization, democratization, development)

The US Federal Bureau of Investigation has an initialistic motto: "Fidelity, Bravery, Integrity", while the United States Military Academy at West Point has "Duty, Honor, Country". The University of Notre Dame has adopted "God, Country, Notre Dame" as an informal motto. The phrase first appeared on the First World War memorial located on the east portico of the basilica.

Very often triple mottoes derive from a turn of oratory in a speech; for example Abraham Lincoln's "of the people, by the people, for the people" in his Gettysburg Address, while a lesser-known and more sarcastic one is Spiro Agnew's "Acid, Abortion, and Amnesty" in a speech against George McGovern's candidacy in 1972.

These are common throughout Western civilization, but also appear in other cultures. The Japanese said that during their boom years, illegal immigrants performed the work that was "Kiken, Kitsui, Kitanai", or Dangerous, Difficult, (and/or) Dirty.

The form is so well known that it can be played upon, as in the three requisites of Real Estate ("Location, Location, Location"), and similarly with Tony Blair stating his priorities as a political leader to be "education, education and education".

In German society, the tripartite motto "Kirche, Kinder, Küche" (church, kids, kitchen) was first a genuine Nazi slogan, and today is used sarcastically by young women to express their disdain for their traditional role in society. "Kirche" was also occasionally replaced with "Führer".

The form is also used in advertising, a notorious example being Microsoft's "One world, one web, one program".

ee also

Related terms

* Hendiadys, "one through two"
* Tricolon
* Triad

Examples

*"Wine, women and song", a phrase of Johann Heinrich Voss (1751–1826)
*"Sex and Drugs and Rock and Roll"

External links

* [http://www.inrebus.com/latinmottogenerator.php A simple Latin motto generator] Uses hendiatris, among other available models.