Deodand

For the fictional creature from Jack Vance's Dying Earth, see Deodand (fictional creature).

Not to be confused with Deobandi.

Deodand is a thing forfeited or given to God, specifically, in law, an object or instrument which becomes forfeit because it has caused a person's death.^[1]

The English common law of deodands traces back to the 11th century and was applied, on and off, until Parliament finally abolished it in 1846.^[2] Under this law, a chattel (i.e. some personal property, such as a horse or a hay stack) was considered a deodand whenever a coroner's jury decided that it had caused the death of a human being.^[3] In theory, deodands were forfeit to the crown, which was supposed to sell the chattel and then apply the profits to some pious use.^[4] (The term deodand derives from the Latin phrase "deo dandum" which means "to be given to God.") In reality, the juries who decided that a particular animal or object was a deodand also appraised its value and the owners were expected to pay a fine equal to the value of the deodand. If the owner could not pay the deodand, his township was held responsible.^[3]

History

Prior to 1066, animals and objects causing serious damage or even death were called banes, and were handed over directly to the victim in a practice known as noxal surrender.^[5] Early legislation also directed people to pay specific sums of money, called wergild, as compensation for actions that resulted in someone else's death.^[6]

The transition from bane to deodand remains obscure. By the second half of the thirteenth century, however, the coroner's rolls are replete with references to vats, tubs, horses, carts, boats, stones, trees, etc.^[2] Deodands were still being forfeited throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, although not as frequently as before. Some scholars think the practice died out completely in the 18th century. Others speculated that deodands had become nominal assessment that were routinely levied.^[7] Another possibility is that the practice was receiving less official attention because the profits from deodands were no longer going into royal coffers. By then, the crown had long sold off the rights to deodands from most jurisdictions to lords, townships and corporations.^[8]

Demise

During the 1830s, the rapid development of the railways led to increasing public hostility to the epidemic of railway deaths and the indifferent attitudes of the railway companies. Under the common law of England and Wales, the death of a person causes purely emotional and economic loss to their relatives. In general, damages cannot be recovered for either type of damage, only for physical damage to the claimant or their property, and families of fatal accident victims had no claim. As a result, coroner's juries started to award deodands as a way of penalising the railways.^[9]

On Christmas Eve 1841, in an accident on the Great Western Railway, a train ran into a landslip in Sonning Cutting and eight passengers were killed. The inquest jury assigned a deodand value of £1000 to the train. Subsequently, a Board of Trade inspector exonerated the company from blame and the deodand was quashed on appeal, on technicalities.

This alerted legislators, in particular Lord Campbell and the Select Committee on Railway Labourers (1846).^[10] In the face of railway opposition, Campbell introduced a bill in 1845 to compensate victims. The bill led to the Fatal Accidents Act 1846, also known as Lord Campbell's Act. Campbell also introduced a bill to abolish deodands. The latter proposal, which became law as the Deodands Act 1846, to some extent mitigated railway hostility.^[9]

In the United States

In American law, the deodand has been cited as a source for the modern civil forfeiture doctrine.^[5][11]

Some U.S. state constitutions prohibit deodands, frequently in the same article that prohibits corruption of blood.^{[citation needed]}

References

1. ^ "Deodand", Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911
2. ^ ^{a b} Anna Pervukhin (2005). "Deodands A Study in the Creation of Common Law Rules". American Journal of Legal History 47 (3): 237–256. doi:10.2307/30039513. ISSN 00029319. JSTOR 30039513. 
3. ^ ^{a b} R.F. Hunnisett (1961). The Medieval Coroner. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521079433. 
4. ^ Sir Edward Coke (1669)
5. ^ ^{a b} Finkelstein, Jacob J. (1973). "The Goring Ox: some historical perspecgtives on deodands, forfeitures, wrongful death and the western notion of sovereignty". Temp. L. Q. 46: 169. 
6. ^ F. L. Attenborough (1922). The Laws of the Earliest English Kings. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 040456545X. 
7. ^ Smith (1967)
8. ^ Parliamentary Debates pp623-626
9. ^ ^{a b} Kostal, R. W. (1994). Law and English Railway Capitalism, 1825–1875. pp. 289–290. ISBN 019825671X. 
10. ^ Cornish, W. & Clarke, G. (1989). Law and Society in England 1750-1950. London: Sweet & Maxwell. pp. 503–504. ISBN 0421311509. 
11. ^ Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (1881). The Common Law. pp. 24–25. ISBN 0691033986. 

Bibliography

• Sutton, T. (1997). "The deodand and responsibility for death". Journal of Legal History 18 (3): 44. doi:10.1080/01440369708531186.