Pixelation

In computer graphics, pixellation (or pixelation in American English) is an effect caused by displaying a bitmap or a section of a bitmap at such a large size that individual pixels, small single-colored square display elements that comprise the bitmap, are visible to the eye. A picture that this has happened to has been pixelated.

Early graphical applications such as video games "(see below)" ran at very low resolutions with a small number of colors, and so had easily visible pixels. The resulting sharp edges gave curved objects and diagonal lines an unnatural appearance. However, when the number of available colors increased to 256, it was possible to gainfully employ antialiasing to smooth the appearance of low-resolution objects, not eliminating pixellation but making it less jarring to the eye. Higher resolutions would soon make this type of pixelation all but invisible on the screen, but pixellation is still visible if a low-resolution image is printed on paper.

In the realm of real-time 3D computer graphics, pixellation can be a problem. Here, bitmaps are applied to polygons as textures. As a camera approaches a textured polygon, simplistic "nearest neighbor" texture filtering would simply zoom in on the bitmap, creating drastic pixellation. The most common solution is a technique called "pixel interpolation" that smoothly blends or interpolates the color of one pixel into the color of the next adjacent pixel at high levels of zoom. This creates a more organic, but also much blurrier image. There are a number of ways of doing this; see texture filtering for details.

Pixellation is a problem unique to bitmaps. Alternatives such as vector graphics or purely geometric polygon models can scale to any level of detail. This is one reason vector graphics are popular for printing — most screens have a resolution of 72 dots per inch and printed documents have over 4.5 times as many pixels per area as a screen at 300 dots per inch. Another solution sometimes used is algorithmic textures, textures such as fractals that can be generated on-the-fly at arbitrary levels of detail.

Deliberate pixellation

In some cases, the resolution of an image or a portion of an image is lowered to introduce pixellation deliberately. This effect is commonly used on television news shows to obscure a person's face or to censor nudity or vulgar gestures, and is also used for artistic effect. This effect is called "pixelization".

Making pixels easily visible is also a main feature in pixel art which is where the graphics are made in low resolutions for effect.

External links

* [http://www.windowsphotostory.com/Guides/NoPixelZoom/ Zooming Without Pixelation] , digital camera advice by Mark Coffman
* [http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/PixelizationOfAFont/ Pixelization of a Font] by Stephen Wolfram, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.