Daiyo kangoku

Daiyo kangoku (daiyō kangoku 代用監獄) is a Japanese legal term meaning "substitute prison." Daiyō kangoku are detention cells found in police stations which are used as legal substitutes for detention centers, or prisons. The practical difference lies in the supervision of daiyō kangoku by the police forces responsible for investigations, whereas detention centers are supervised by a professional corps of prison guards who are not involved in the investigative processes.

Daiyō kangoku came about to solve a shortage of prison cells in Japan in 1908. Though no shortage exists today, the practice has continued and has significant political support^[1]. It has been controversial, however, because of its role in eliciting confessions from criminal suspects.

Controversy

Suspects can be detained for an "interview" in a daiyō kangoku for as many as seventy-two hours under the Code of Criminal Procedure. After this seventy-two hour period, prosecutors can request a further ten days' detention of the suspect from a judge. These ten days are frequently used by the investigative authorities to gain confessions from the suspect. After the initial ten day extension, the prosecutor can request a further ten days of detention from a judge, before the suspect must either be charged or released. Requests for pre-trial detention after arrest are almost always granted by judges; in 1987, the rate of approval for all requests was 99.8%^[2]. That same year, 85% of arrested detainees were kept in daiyō kangoku facilities for longer than seventy-two hours; more than a third of suspects were held without charge for longer than ten days by a judge’s decision to extend the time limits^[3]. The authorities have a great deal of control over the suspect's well-being, and can restrict meals or access to family. Intensive interrogation practices are often used, and the condition of daiyō kangoku are considered worse than those in Japanese regular detention centers^[3]. Japanese human rights and civil liberties activists in Japan have questioned whether this policy, which in sum allows 23 days of detention before charges must be brought, adequately protects suspects' rights.

Defenders of the current system argue that under generally conservative prefectural policies, extraordinary proof must be obtained before an arrest can be made; statistically, only around 20% of criminal suspects are arrested^{[citation needed]}. Japanese prosecutors require beyond-reasonable-doubt proof for indictments, and often require a confession^{[citation needed]}. Advocates of the daiyō kangoku system argue that this culture of restraint among the authorities merits and even requires the ability to place uncharged suspects in prolonged detention.

During an interview in the daiyō kangoku, the suspect has the rights, under the Constitution, to counsel and to remain silent^{[citation needed]}. But under the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Code of Criminal Procedure, suspects cannot end the interview—which is to say, the suspect cannot choose to leave the daiyō kangoku until the interview is concluded. Japanese human rights and civil liberties advocates usually criticize this interpretation as offering the accused too few rights in daiyō kangoku.

References

1. ^ Matsubara, Hiroshi (2004-06-09), "Substitute Prison System Likely to Survive Revision", Japan Times, http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20040609a8.html, retrieved 28 December 2008 
2. ^ Miyazawa, Setsuo (1992), Policing in Japan: A Study on Making Crime, Albany: SUNY Press, pp. 20, ISBN 0791408914, http://books.google.com/?id=jrK7ZBtCo14C, retrieved 28 December 2008 
3. ^ ^{a b} Saito, Toyoji (1992), "Preventive Detention in Japan", in Frankowski, Stanislaw; Shelton, Dinah, Preventive Detention: A Comparative and International Law Perspective, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Press, pp. 208, ISBN 0792314654, http://books.google.com/books?id=duKJMeuoNRcC&pg=PA169&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0, retrieved 28 December 2008 

Other references

• Oda, Hiroshi (1999). Japanese Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 423-424.