Bridge of No Return

Coordinates: 37°57′22.05″N 126°40′14.15″E / 37.956125°N 126.6705972°E / 37.956125; 126.6705972

Bridge of No Return
Korean name
Hangul	돌아올 수 없는 다리
Revised Romanization	Doraol su eomneun dari
McCune–Reischauer	Toraol su ŏmnŭn tari

Located in the Joint Security Area (JSA), the so-called "Bridge of No Return" crosses the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) between North Korea and South Korea. It was used for prisoner exchanges at the end of the Korean War in 1953. The name originates from the claim that many war prisoners captured by the United States did not wish to return home. The prisoners were brought to the bridge and given the choice to remain in the country of their captivity or cross over to the other country. But if they chose to cross the bridge, they would never be allowed to return.

The last time the bridge was used for prisoner exchanges was in 1968 when the crew of the USS Pueblo was released and ordered to cross into South Korea via the bridge. The bridge was actively used by the North Koreans up until the Axe Murder Incident in August 1976, at which time the United Nations Command demanded that the Military Demarcation Line within the Joint Security Area be enforced and clearly marked. Within 72 hours the North Koreans had built a new bridge on the northern half of the JSA and the Bridge of No Return was no longer used.

The Military Demarcation Line runs through the middle of the bridge. At the end of either side of the bridge are guard houses of the respective countries. The North Korean building is called KPA#4 while the United Nations Command (UNC) checkpoint was called CP#3 (it was abandoned in the mid-1980s). CP#3, which is surrounded by trees, was only visible from one other UNC site during the winter months, OP#5 (now renamed to CP#3). The North's Korean People's Army (KPA) had made numerous attempts to grab UNC personnel from the old CP#3 and drag them across the bridge into North Korean territory. Because of this proximity to North Korean territory, being surrounded on all access routes by North Korean checkpoints, and repeated attempts to kidnap the UNC personnel working there, CP#3 was often referred to as "The Loneliest Outpost in the World". As of 2003, the bridge is considered in need of repair. According to a report on CNN, the US government has offered to fix the bridge or even replace it, but North Korea has denied permission.^[1]

The bridge is also portrayed in the beginning of the James Bond film, Die Another Day, where Bond and Zao are swapped (however, as the photos show, there are no rows of concertina wire, bunkers, machine guns, or spotlights anywhere around the bridge, as depicted in the movie). It was portrayed in the South Korean movie Joint Security Area, where the shooting of two North Korean guards becomes the focus of an investigation and of the movie. It was most recently depicted in the movie Salt when agent Evelyn Salt (Angelina Jolie) is traded for a captured North Korean official after being a held captive in North Korea.

Major events

• Operation Little Switch, April 1953

This operation was a test case for prisoner repatriation, one of the four main issues of contention during two years of negotiation. 605 sick, wounded, and/or injured UNC prisoners were exchanged for 6,030 sick or injured Communist prisoners.^[2][3]

• Operation Big Switch, April-September 1953

Based on the success of the repatriations undertaken earlier, a general exchange of prisoners began in late April. During Operation Big Switch, prisoners were brought to Panmunjom, on the banks of the Sachong River. Each prisoner was then asked if he wished to cross the river and return to his countrymen or remain with his captors. Once the choice was made there was no turning back—hence the name Bridge of No Return. During this time 13,444 UNC prisoners returned to UNC countries, and 89,493 KPA and CPV prisoners returned to their countries. In March, 1953, a further 25,000 KPA soldiers held in ROKA camps had been released into South Korea on President Syngman Rhee's orders in an attempt to wreck the armistice negotiations.^[4][5][6]

• Release of the crew of the USS Pueblo, December 23, 1968

On January 23, 1968, the USS Pueblo was captured by North Korean naval forces in international waters off the coast of North Korea. After being held prisoner for 11 months, the crew was released and allowed to walk across the Bridge while a forced confession by the Captain of the vessel was broadcast over loudspeakers. This action was the first in a series of events that escalated tensions between North Korea and the United States and its allies.

• Axe Murder Incident, August 18, 1976

This was the killing of two United States Army officers by North Korean soldiers in the Joint Security Area, near the Bridge of No Return, over the attempt to trim a poplar that obstructed vision between checkpoints, and heightened tensions on the border - this was followed by Operation Paul Bunyan, which ended in the felling of the tree by ‘Task Force Vierra’.

U.S. Army Soldier posing during a ceremony at the middle of the bridge, behind the flags of UN, the US and ROK, while two guards are facing toward North Korea.

Ceremonies on the bridge

U.S. Army soldiers who are stationed at Camp Bonifas or Camp Liberty Bell in the Joint Security Area are offered the opportunity to have their promotion or reenlistment ceremonies held in the center of the Bridge of No Return. The bridge is split in half by the Military Demarcation Line which marks where North Korean territory ends and South Korean territory begins. During a U.S. or ROK (Republic of Korea) ceremony, two guards are posted at the Demarcation Line facing west (toward North Korea).

Gallery

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  The Bridge of No Return, Dec. 1975

• 

  Looking across The Bridge of No Return, Mar. 1976

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  Joint Security Area in 1976

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  Southern end of the bridge

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  View of the bridge, 2006

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  Release of the crew of the USS Pueblo, December 23, 1968

See also

• Axe Murder Incident
• Division of Korea
• Korean Demilitarized Zone
• Joint Security Area
• List of Korea-related topics

References

1. ^ "Dangerous divide". CNN transcripts September 2003. http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0309/21/se.01.html. Retrieved 2006-01-14. 
2. ^ Bernstein, Barton. “The Struggle over the Korean Armistice: Prisoners of Repatriation?” in Child of Conflict: The Korean-American Relationship 1943-1953,ed. Bruce Cumings (1983).
3. ^ U.S. Army Forces, Far East, 8086th Army Unit, Military History Detachment.Operation Little Switch, 4 vols., n.d.
4. ^ Syngman Rhee Biography: Rhee Attacks Peace Proceedings
5. ^ The Korean War: Years of Stalemate. United States Army Center of Military History. p. 30. CMH Pub 19-10. http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/kw-stale/stale.htm. 
6. ^ Richard Stewart, ed. "THE KOREAN WAR 1950-1953". American Military History Volume 2. United States Army Center of Military History. p. 245. http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH-V2/AMH%20V2/chapter8.htm. 

External links

• Pictures
• lifeinkorea.com (3 pictures)
• Michael J Downey's song and video "Bridge of No Return" (2006) [1]