Rolls-Royce Armoured Car

Infobox Weapon
name=Rolls Royce Armoured Car


caption=Rolls Royce 1920 Pattern
origin= United Kingdom
type= Armored car
is_vehicle=yes
service= 1915 to 1941
used_by= United Kingdom
Ireland
wars= World War I, Irish Civil War, World War II
designer=
design_date=
manufacturer= Rolls-Royce
unit_cost=
production_date=
number=
variants= Rolls-Royce 1920 Pattern, Rolls-Royce 1924 Pattern, Fordson Armored Car, Rolls Royce Indian Pattern
crew=3
length= convert|4.93|m|in|abbr=on
width= convert|1.93|m|in|abbr=on
height= convert|2.54|m|in|abbr=on
weight= 4.2 tonnes
armour= convert|12|mm|in|abbr=on
primary_armament=.303 Vickers machine gun
secondary_armament=none
engine=6 cylinder petrol
engine_power= 80 hp (60 kW)
suspension= 4x2 wheel (double rear wheels), leaf spring
speed= convert|72|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on
pw_ratio= 19 hp/tonne
vehicle_range= 240 km

The Rolls-Royce armoured car was a British armoured car developed in 1914 and used in World War I and in the early part of World War II.

Production history

The Royal Naval Air Service raised the first British armoured car squadron during the First World War."First World War" - Willmott, H.P., Dorling Kindersley, 2003, Page 59] In September 1914 all available Rolls Royce "Silver Ghost" chassis were requisitioned. In October 1914 a special committee of the Admiralty Air Department among whom was Flight Commander T.G. Hetherington designed the superstructure. The first three vehicles were delivered on 3 December 1914 - however, at that time, the mobile period on the Western Front, where the primitive predecessors of the Rolls-Royce cars had served, had already come to an end.

The vehicle was based on a Rolls Royce 40/50 hp car chassis (the engine had a maximum output of about 80 hp), to which were added armoured bodywork and a single turret for a Vickers machine gun.

The vehicle was modernized in 1920 and in 1924, resulting in Rolls-Royce 1920 Pattern and Rolls-Royce 1924 Pattern. In 1940, 34 vehicles which served in Egypt with the 11th Hussars regiment had the "old" turret replaced with an open-topped one carrying a Boys anti-tank rifle, .303 inch Bren machine gun and smoke grenade launchers.

Some vehicles in Egypt received new chassis from a Fordson truck and became known as Fordson Armoured Cars. Pictures [http://ww2photo.mimerswell.com/tanks/gb/bil/ford/fordson.htm] show them as equipped with what appears to be turrets fitted with a Boys ATR, a machine gun and twin light machine guns for anti-aircraft defence.

Combat history

Six RNAS Rolls-Royce squadrons were formed of 12 vehicles each: one went to France; one to Africa to fight in the German colonies and in April 1915 two went to Gallipoli. From August 1915 onwards these were all disbanded and the materiel handed over to the Army which used them in the Light Armoured Motor Batteries.

Armoured cars were poorly suited to the muddy trench filled battlefields of the Western Front, but were able to operate in the Near East, so the squadron from France went to Egypt. Lawrence of Arabia used one vehicle in his operations against the Turkish forces.

In the Irish Civil War (1922-1923), 13 Rolls Royce armoured cars were given to the Irish Free State government by the British government to fight the Irish Republican Army. They were a major advantage to the Free State in street fighting and in protecting convoys against guerrilla attacks and were instrumental in the retaking of the cities of Cork and Waterford. Incredibly, despite continued maintenance problems and poor reaction to Irish weather, they continued in service until 1944, being withdrawn once new tyres became unobtainable. 12 of the Irish Army examples were stripped and sold in 1954. One, ARR-2, Sliabh na mBan, was retained by the army and is generally accepted to be the car that was accompanying IRA Leader Michael Collins on the day he was killed. This is one of only two still running today, and is regularly aired during parades and open days, often driving under its own power. It is maintained by the Army Logistics Corps in the Curragh Camp. One of the 12 sold (ARR-1 Danny Boy/Tom Keogh) survives with a collector in England.

At the outbreak of the World War II 76 vehicles were in service. They were used in operations in the Western Desert. By the end of 1941 they were withdrawn as modern armoured car designs became available. Some Indian Pattern cars saw use in the Indian subcontinent and Burma.

Variants

*1920 Pattern Mk I - thicker radiator armor and new wheels.
*1920 Pattern Mk IA - commander's cupola.
*1924 Pattern Mk I - turret with commander's cupola.
*Rolls Royce Indian Pattern - based on a 1920 Pattern. Had extended hull armour to provide extra space and a domed turret with four ball mounts for machine guns.

A single experimental vehicle had the turret removed and replaced by a one-pounder automatic anti-aircraft gun on an open mounting. Some cars had Maxim machine guns instead of the Vickers gun.

References

External links

*I. Moschanskiy - "Armored vehicles of the Great Britain 1939-1945 part 2", Modelist-Konstruktor, Bronekollektsiya 1999-02 (И. Мощанский - "Бронетанковая техника Великобритании 1939-1945 часть 2", Моделист-Конструктор, Бронеколлекция 1999-02).
* [http://www.btinternet.com/~ian.a.paterson/equiparmourarmouredcars.htm Equipment Used By the Armoured Car Regiments]
* [http://www.tankmuseum.co.uk/news/pr_rollsroyce_200804.html Tankmuseum.co.uk]
* [http://homepages.force9.net/rothwell/burmaweb/ArmdCarBAF.htm War Diary of Armoured Car Section, Rangoon Battalion, BAF]