Black Panthers (Israel)

The Black Panthers ( _he. הפנתרים השחורים, "HaPanterim HaShhorim") are an Israeli protest movement of second-generation Jewish immigrants from Middle Eastern countries. They were one of the first organizations in Israel with the mission of working for social justice for the Mizrahi Jews. Saadia Marciano, one of the movement's founders, chose the name "Black Panthers" in 1971 when Angela Davis, one of the African American Black Panthers, came to visit Israel where she met with Martziano, who then adopted the name. They are also sometimes referred to as the "Israeli Black Panthers" to distinguish them from the African American group.

History

The movement began early in 1971 in the Mosrara neighborhood of Jerusalem, in reaction to perceived discrimination against Mizrahi Jews, which they considered to have existed since the establishment of the state. The Black Panthers felt that this discrimination could be seen in the different attitude of the Ashkenazi Establishment towards the "olim" from the Soviet Union. The movement's founders protested "ignorance from the establishment for the hard social problems", and wanted to fight for a different future.

At the beginning of March 1971, the Israel Police denied the Black Panthers a permit for a demonstration; the Panthers ignored this decision and proceeded with the demonstration illegally, protesting the distress of the poverty, the gap between poor and rich in Israel, and the ethnic tensions within Jewish Israeli society. The movement successfully built a base of supporters, both in the public and in the media.

On 18 May 1971, "The Night of the Panthers", between 5,000 and 7,000 demonstrators gathered in Zion Square in Jerusalem in a militant protest against the racial discrimination. The demonstrators even demanded to change the name of the square to "Kikar Yehadut HaMizrah" (Eastern Jewry Square). This demonstration was also held without police permission. The security forces which came to disperse the demonstration encountered an angry mob who threw stones and Molotov cocktails. Both police and demonstrators were injured in the clash; 20 were hospitalized, and 74 demonstrators were arrested by the police.

Prior to the demonstration, representatives of the Panthers had met with Prime Minister Golda Meir on 13 April, who characterized them as "not nice people". She saw the leaders of the movement as lawbreakers and refused to recognize them as a social movement. The violent protest of 18 May brought the government to discuss seriously the Panthers' claims and a public committee was established to find a solution.

According to the conclusions of that committee, discrimination did exist at many levels in society. Following this, the budgets of the offices dealing with social issues were enlarged significantly. However, the Yom Kippur War soon changed the government's list of priorities, and most of these resources were turned, again, towards security needs.

The Panthers eventually moved into electoral politics, but without success, at least in part because of internal disputes and struggles. Some of the movement's leaders integrated into either the main Israeli parties specific, ethnic parties such as Tami or Shas, and through them promoted the Mizrahi Jews' agenda. Charlie Biton became a member of Knesset with Maki and was re-elected four times. Former Black Panther member Reuven Abergel has since been active in the struggle for social justice and peace in Israel/Palestine as a member of various groups and movements. He currently serves on the board of the Mizrahi Democratic Rainbow.

The young Black Panther activists raised public consciousness to the "Oriental question" which subsequently played a role in Israeli political debate in the Seventies and Eighties, contributing to Likud success in that period. Although inequalities remain, many Mizrahi Jews have over the years entered the mainstream of Israeli political, military, cultural and economic life, including Moroccan-born Amir Peretz and David Levy, Iraqi-born Shlomo Hillel, Benjamin Ben-Eliezer and Yitzhak Mordechai and Iranian-born Shaul Mofaz and Moshe Katzav.

References

*Katz, Sue, "What's Left of the Left in Israel", "Z" Magazine, December 2004, 16-19.
*A. Kramer, [http://www.marxist.com/MiddleEast/israeli_black_panthers.html On the 30th anniversary of the Black Panthers movement in Israel] marxist.com, 20 August 2002
*Sami Shalom Chetrit, [http://www.kedma.co.il/Panterim/PanterimTheMovie/EnglishArticles.htm 30 years to the Black Panthers in Israel] kedma.co.il

External links

* [http://www.knesset.gov.il/faction/eng/FactionPage_eng.asp?PG=36 Black Panthers] Knesset website
* [http://www.israeli-left-archive.org/?site=localhost&a=p&p=about&c=blackpan&ct=1&qto=3&l=en&w=utf-8 Archive of documents and clippings]
* [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/saadia-marciano-founder-of-israels-black-panthers-766842.html Obituary] of Black Panther founder Saadia Marciano