Flat pebblesnail

Flat pebblesnail
A 1870 drawing of the shell of Lepyrium showalteri
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 2.3)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
(unranked):	clade Caenogastropoda clade Hypsogastropoda clade Littorinimorpha
Superfamily:	Rissooidea
Family:	Lithoglyphidae
Subfamily:	Lithoglyphinae
Genus:	Lepyrium W. H. Dall, 1896[2]
Species:	L. showalteri
Binomial name
Lepyrium showalteri (I. Lea, 1861)[3]
Synonyms
Neritina showalteri Lea, 1861

The flat pebblesnail, scientific name Lepyrium showalteri, is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Lithoglyphidae.^[4]

This species is endemic to the United States. This snail has been listed as endangered on the United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species since October 28, 1998.^[5]

Lepyrium showalteri is the only species in the genus Lepyrium.^[6] Lepyrium showalteri is the type species of the genus Lepyrium.^[2] Lepyriidae is a synonym of Lithoglyphinae.^[4]

Description

The flat pebblesnail is a small snail in the family Lithoglyphidae; however, the species has a large and distinctive-looking shell. This snail's shell is also distinguished by its depressed spire and expanded, flattened body whorl. The shells are ovate in outline, flattened, and grow to 3.5 to 4.4 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) high and 4 to 5 mm (0.2 in) wide. The umbilical area is imperforate (no opening), and there are 2 to 3 whorls which rapidly expand.^[7]

The anatomy of this species was described in detail by Thompson in 1984.^[6]

Original description

Species Lepyrium showalteri was originally described as Neritina showalteri by Isaac Lea in 1861.^[3]

Lea's original text (the type description) reads as follows:

“

Neritina Showalterii. Testâ, laevi, rotundatâ, diaphanâ, luteo-corneâ; spirâ valdè depressâ; suturis leviter impressis; anfractibus trinis, inflatis; aperturâ semirotundâ; labio dilatato, albo, incrassato, edentulo et incurvato ; labro dilatato, tenui, margine acuto. Operculum. Hab. Coosa River, ten miles above Fort William, Shelby Co., Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D. Remarks. The discovery of this shell by Dr. Showalter marks the first notice of the genus Neritina being observed in our fresh waters. His very close observation and active investigation of the waters of central and northern Alabama, have enabled him to lay the naturalists of this country under many obligations by new discoveries, and this is certainly one of much importance. We now see for the first time that this genus, which is common in Europe, Africa, Asia, South America and the West Indies, also inhabits our southern fresh waters. I have great pleasure in naming the species after the discoverer. This species is not closely allied to any which has come under my notice. It is more rotund than usual, has a clear horn-colored epidermis, smooth and shining; the substance of the shell so thin as to permit the column to be visible through it. It is to be regretted that among the four specimens sent to me by Dr. Showalter, neither had an operculum. The soft parts of the animal have not yet been observed.

”

Distribution

This species is endemic to Alabama in the United States. It was historically known from:^[6]

• the mainstem Coosa River in Shelby County and Talladega County, Alabama;
• the Cahaba River in Bibb and Dallas County, Alabama;
• and the Little Cahaba River in Bibb County, Alabama.

The flat pebblesnail has not been found in the Coosa River portion of its range since the construction of the Lay and Logan Martin Dams, and recent survey efforts have failed to locate any surviving populations outside of the Cahaba River drainage.^{[8][9][10][11]}

The flat pebblesnail is currently known from one site on the Little Cahaba River, Bibb County, and from a single shoal series on the Cahaba River above the Fall Line, Shelby County, Alabama.^[9]

• 

  Bibb County, Alabama (marked red) where the species is found in the Little Cahaba River.

• 

  Shelby County, Alabama (marked red) where the species is known from the Cahaba River.

Ecology

Little is known of the natural history of this species. The flat pebblesnail is found attached to clean, smooth stones in rapid currents of river shoals.^[7] The eggs are laid in capsules on hard surfaces.^[6] The life span appears to be 1 year.^[12]

References

This article incorporates public domain text from the reference^[3] and a public domain work of the United States Government from the reference^[7]

1. ^ Bogan A. E. (1996). Lepyrium showalteri. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 27 November 2008.
2. ^ ^{a b} Dall W. H. (1896). "Note on Neritina schowalteri Lea". The Nautilus 10(2): 13-15.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Lea I. (1861). "Description of a new species of NERITINA, from Coosa River, Alabama". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 13(1861): page 55.
4. ^ ^{a b} Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdés Á. & Warén A. (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks) 47 (1-2): 1–397. ISBN 3925919724. ISSN 0076-2997. http://www.archive.org/details/malacologia47122005inst. 
5. ^ U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. "Species profile Flat pebblesnail (Lepyrium showalteri)". Accessed 27 November 2008.
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Thompson F. G. (1984). "North American freshwater snail general of the hydrobiid subfamily Lithoglyphinae". Malacologia 25(1): 109-141.
7. ^ ^{a b c} U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2005). Recovery Plan for 6 Mobile River Basin Aquatic Snails. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Jackson, Mississippi. 46 pp., page 5-6.
8. ^ Bogan A. E. & Pierson J. M. (1993). Survey of the aquatic gastropods of the Coosa River Basin, Alabama: 1992. Alabama Natural Heritage Program. Contract Number 1923.
9. ^ ^{a b} Bogan A. E. & Pierson J. M. (1993). Survey of the aquatic gastropods of the Cahaba River Basin, Alabama: 1992. Alabama Natural Heritage Program. Contract Number 1922.
10. ^ McGregor S. W., Sheppard T. E., Richardson T. D. & Fitzpatrick J. F. Jr. (1996). A survey of the primary tributaries of the Alabama and lower Tombigbee rivers for listed and candidate species of freshwater mussels, snails, and crayfish, 1994-1996. Geological Survey of Alabama. 29 pp.
11. ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Field Records, Jackson, Mississippi, 1989-1996; Bogan in litt. (1995). M. Pierson Field Records, Calera, Alabama, in litt., 1993-1994; J. Garner, pers. comm. (1996); J. Johnson, in litt. (1996); In: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2005). Recovery Plan for 6 Mobile River Basin Aquatic Snails. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Jackson, Mississippi. 46 pp., page 5-6.
12. ^ Johnson P. pers. comm. (2005). In: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2005). Recovery Plan for 6 Mobile River Basin Aquatic Snails. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Jackson, Mississippi. 46 pp., page 5-6.

External links

• Tryon G. W. (1888-1889) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species. 10: 53, plate 17, figure 81-82.